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NIU NURS 308- Exam 2023/ 84 questions and answers- all correct.
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NIU NURS 308- Exam 2023/ 84 questions andanswers- all correct.
What are the causes of neutropenia? - -Prolonged severe infection
Decreased production of neutrophils
Reduced survival of neutrophils
Abnormal nuetrophil distribution and sequestration
-What is neutropenia? - -A reduction in the neutrophils circulating in the blood stream
-What is the etiology of polycythemia? - -It is an overproduction of red blood cells.
There are two kinds, relative and absolute (also splits into primary and secondary
absolute)
-What is relative polycythemia? - -It is a overproduction of RBC's as a result of
dehydration.
The fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values. (so
it's not neccesarily that there is more RBC it's just that there is less of everything else)
-What is absolute polycythemia? - -Primary- is from an abnormality of stem cells in the
bone marrow- so the bone marrow produces too much (polycythemia vera)
Secondary- Is an increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia
(COPD- has to produce more RBC to get O2 everywhere) or an inappropriate response
to erythropoietin-secreting tumors
-What is the difference between stable and unstable angina? - -
-What are the factors that affect stroke volume? - -
-What are the factors that affect cardiac output? - -
-What are the different types of shock? What is the pathophysiology of those? - -
-How does right sided heart failure manifest? - -
-How does left sided heart failure manifest? - -
-What is hemolytic anemia? What are the body's compensatory mechanisms for it? - -
Hemolytic anemia is a premature destruction of RBC. The compensatory mechanisms is
that the body tries to make more RBC and it does, but the body is still destroying more
because of the shortened lifespan of the RBC
-What is the etiology for rheumatic fever? How do you treat it? - -
-What is the pathophysiology of a cardiac tamponade? - -
-What is the pathophysiology of pericardial effusion? - -
, -What is the pathophysiology of ITP? - -ITP is idiopathic (Immune) thrombocytopenic
purpura
What happens here is that the IgG antibody that targets platelet glycoproteins.
This causes the antibody coated platelets to be sequestered and removed from the
circulation.
==== It is autoimmune, and the platelets are more susceptible to phagocytosis.
The acute form of ITP often develops after a viral infection and it is one of the most
common childhood bleeding disorders.
-What are the manifestations of Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura? - -
petechiae and purpura- bleeding underneath the skin
which progresses to major hemorrhage and widespread bleeding. It causes more
bleeding, but less clotting.
-What are the manifestations of sickle cell disease? What are some complications of it? -
-Manifestations= hemolytic anemia (the lifespan of their blood cells is only about 20
days), pain, and organ failure, acute chest syndrome, prone to infections
Complications= are the sickle shaped blood cells can hook together and clot, or cause
pain because of not enough oxygen
-What is sickle cell anemia? - -It is an inherited disorder where there is an abnormal
Hgb. This leads to chronic hemolytic anemia, pain, and organ failure. It is transmitted
by a recessive inheritance, and can manifest as the sickle cell trait or the disease. It
results from mutations in the B chain of the HGB, where a valine amino acid gets
substituted for glutamic acid.
You can tell it is sickle cell because it becomes deoxygenated which creates a gel like
stuff that makes the RBC rigid, and turns it into a boomerang shape= causes structural
damage to the RBC membrane. It can fix itself if it becomes oxygenated.
-How do you treat someone will sickle cell anemia? - -You give them oxygen and pain
medication to help their breathing= reoxygenate the RBC, which will fix them.
-What is preload? - -
-What is afterload? - -
-What is intermittent claudication? - -
-What is artherosclerosis? - -
-What are the mechanisms of systole and diastole? - -
-Why does collateral circulation happen? - -
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