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Cell # 0306-8096519History
Section B
, Partition of Bengal (1905)
Bengal was divided due to number of reasons.
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Problems:
Due to administrative problems, Bengal was divided into two parts. As Bengal was large &
densely populated area so British govt: was unable to govern the province well. The total
population of Bengal was 10 times greater than the total population of UK at that time.
Moreover communication problems also doubled hurdles for British to rule this area. So
the govt: decided to divide Bengal for efficient governance and administration.
Geographical Problems
Bengal was composed of two parts i: e East and West Bengal. West Bengal was dominated by
Hindus and developed with industries and sea port while East Bengal was dominated by
Muslims and mostly Muslims were poor farmers. Educationally West Bengal was much better
than East Bengal. This disparity between East and West compelled British govt to divide
Bengal into two provinces.
E t h n i c Problems:
As Bengal was densely populated province so different communities were living there,
belonging to different races, speaking different languages & practicing different religions.
This created multicultural environment which promoted ethnic problems for the govt: so
British govt: divided Bengal into two province in order to wipeout ethnic problems.
T o Reduce Political Strength:
Bengal was dominated by Hindus so they were becoming a strong political force against govt.
Congress also played a vital role in bringing political awareness in Indians and was taken as
big political threat for British so British adopted their traditional policy of divide & rule .
They divided Bengal to reduce the political strength of the Congress & Hindus.
Reaction of Indians
In 1903 Lord Curzon proposed the partition of Bengal which was implemented in 1905.
Bengal was divided into two parts. East Bengal with Dhaka as capital and West Bengal
with Calcutta as capital. The total population of East Bengal was 31 M out of which 18 M
were Muslims whine the total population of West Bengal was 54 M out of which 42 M were
Hindus. Muslims were in majority in East Bengal so they welcomed this partition as they
got a province in which they were in majority and could practice their religion freely but
Hindus started protest against this partition as they were not happy by this partition.
, Causes for Reversal of Bengal Partition (1911)
There were number of reasons for the reversal of Bengal partition.
S w ad e s h i Movement:
As partition gave a separate province to Muslims so Hindus started protest against British
govt. Swadeshi Movement was launched by Hindus and congress. They boycotted the British
goods. British cotton was thrown in fire & local cotton became a matter of honor. Hindus
also refused to use British salt. The movement greatly reduced the selling of British goods.
Swadeshi movement gave economic damage to the British govt and Hindus tried to
pressurize British govt to take its decision back about the partition of Bengal
P o l i t i c a l Unrest:
Hindus were angry because they were converted into minority in east Bengal. They called
it as “divide & rule “policy of British so Hindus & Congress started a violent protest
against this partition. Strikes, protest and rallies were organized by Hindus to pressurize the
British govt for the reversal of Bengal partition.
A s s a s s i n a t i o n Attempt on Lord Minto:
Due to protest of Hindus, law & order situation became worse and there was a killing attempt
on upcoming Viceroy “Lord Minto” in which he survived. This further exerted immense
pressure on British. To bring the law & order situation in control, British govt: annulled the
partition of Bengal.
Q: What was Swadeshi Movement? [4]
Q: Why was Bengal divided by British govt: in 1905? [7]
Q: The reasons for partition of Bengal(1905) were more important than its reversal
(1911). Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
, Simla Deputation (1906)
In 1906, 35 members Muslim delegation led by Sir Agha Khan, met with Viceroy Lord
Minto at Simla known as Simla delegation.
Demands of Muslim Community:
• Muslim should be given the right of separate electorate system.
• Muslim should be given more seats than their population.
• Muslim should be given more jobs in state services.
• Muslim should be given the right to open a university to promote the
Muslim Education & culture.
• Muslim judges should be appointed more frequently.
Importance of Simla Deputation
• It was first time that Muslim delegation met with viceroy in a political manner.
• It brought political awareness amongst Muslim ranks.
• It established good relations with British.
• It showed that Muslims were separate community & should be treated separately.
• Separate electorate system injected new spirit in Muslim community.
• It can be considered as first step towards establishment of Pakistan.
Q: What was the Simla Deputation? [4]
Q: Why was Simla Delegation an important turning point for Muslim of South Asia? [7]
Simla Delegation was an important turning point in the political history of Muslims of
South Asia due to number of reasons. These were to improve relations with British, to set
up a political party and demand of separate electorate system
One of the reasons was the improvement of relations between Muslim community and British
government. After the War of Independence, relations got strained between these two
communities and both did not trust each other. This meeting provided an opportunity for both
communities to enhance good relations amongst each other.
Another reason was the foundation of All India Muslim League. Lord Minto responded
positively to Muslim delegation which encouraged Muslims to set up their own political
organization. Thus Indian Muslims got a platform to negotiate with British govt in an
effective way.
Furthermore, demand of separate electorate system was also a reason. Muslims realized that
they are separate entity within the sub-continent so they should be treated separately from
Hindus. Muslims also realized that this system will ensure Muslim members in all
legislative councils to play an effective role in legislation.
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