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Summary Linguistics year 1
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Providing a summary for year 1 students following the course linguistics. Highlights the keywords and uses examples. Discusses syntax, grammar, clauses, etc.
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LinguisticsNouns, adjectives, etc.
1. Open
2. Noun: Refers to objects, animals, etc.
3. Verb: Refers to actions and states.
4. Articles: a, an, the. Used before a noun.
5. Adverb: Provide information about the verb or noun or adverb
6. Adjective: Provides information about the noun.
7. Closed
8. Conjunction: And, but, because. Provides a connection between sentences.
9. Preposition: Providing information about the time or place.
10. Pronouns: Referring to nouns that are already known. He, she, etc.
11. Prefix: Voorvoegsel
12. Suffix: Achtervoegsel
The first three classes refer to gender, person and appearance.
Singular: This, that
Plural: These, those
Coordinating conjunction: and, or and but. Two equal parts.
Indefinite pronouns: Large groups without a specific number. Refers to a quantity.
If a word class is open it is easy to create new words for it, for example for nouns.
Proper noun: a noun that has a name, such as Shakespeare
Lexical verb/ Auxiliary verb: auxiliary verb helps another verb out, such as can. A lexical verb is a
hoofdwerkwoord, that stands on his own. Auxiliary verbs help change the tenses, aspects or
numbers.
Copula / linking verb; She is happy. It links the subject to its compliment ( feature / attribute ) To be
something
Lexical verb; She drinks coffee. The main verb that expresses an action or state. To do something
Auxiliary verb + linking/copula verb; She has been happy
Auxiliary verb + lexical verb; She is drinking coffee
Primary auxiliary; do, be, have the others are model
Finite verbs are the first verb form that change when you change the tense or number the others are
non-finite. ( drank, drinks, is, was ) present participles- past - indefinitive
Coordinating conjunction: puts two main sentences together
nouns zelfstandige naamwoord house, idea, James, London, etc.
adjectives bijvoeglijke naamwoord tall, small, ugly, etc.
adverbs bijwoorden seriously, madly, quickly, often, here, the
, verbs werkwoorden
lexical verb zelfstandig werkwoord to walk, to talk, to decide, etc.
copula verb koppel werkwoord to be, to become, to look, etc.
primary auxiliary hulp werkwoord have, do, be
modal auxiliary hulp werkwoord can, could, may, might, must, will, etc
articles lidwoorden
definite article bepaald lidwoord the
indefinite article onbepaald lidwoord a, an
pronouns voomaamwoorden (vnw.)
personal pronoun persoonlijke vnw. I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they (me, him
reflexive pronoun samengesteld vnw. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, o
dependent possessive pronoun bezittelijke vnw. my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
independent possessive pronoun bezittelijke vnw. mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
demonstrative pronoun aanwijzende vnw.. this, that, these, those
relative pronoun betrekkelijke vnw. who, whom, whose, which, that
indefinite pronoun / quantifiers onbepaalde vnw. some, any, each, all, every, both, no, non
interrogative pronoun vragende vnw. who, whom, whose, what, which
interrogative adverbs vragende bijwoorden why, where, when, how
numerals telwoorden
cardinal numeral hoofdtelwoord one, two, three, etc.
ordinal numeral rangtelwoord first, second, third, etc
prepositions voorzetsels in, on, under, with, without, etc.
conjunctions voegwoorden (voegw.)
coordinating conjunction nevenschikkende voegw. and, but, or, for, (nor)
subordinating conjunction onderschikkende voegw. when, before, since, until, as soon as, et
interjections tussenwerpsels whoopee, oh, gosh, hurray, bravo, etc
Adjective suffixes: able, ial, ed, ful, ic, ish, ive, y
- A pre-modifier of a noun ( it was a comfortable ride ) attributive
- A subject complement ( the ride was comfortable ) predicative
- An object complement ( I made the bed comfortable ) predicative
Adjectives are gradable, so we can arrange them. We use intensifiers to indicate the point of a scale,
such as very or quite.
1. Absolute; clever
2. Comparative; more clever
3. Superlative; most clever
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