Ch-6 political science ( crisis of democratic order ) class 12. Notes has been made from NCERT. All answers have been covered of all questions that can be made from NCERT. Includes important question and answers from exam and board point of veiw.
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(Politics in India since Independence)
Chapter-6 The Crisis of Democratic order
Q 1. State whether the following statements regarding the Emergency are correct or
incorrect.
a. It was declared in 1975 by Indira Gandhi.
b. It led to the suspension of all fundamental rights.
c. It was proclaimed due to the deteriorating economic conditions.
d. Many Opposition leaders were arrested during the emergency.
e. CPI supported the proclamation of the Emergency.
Ans. a. Correct, b. Correct, c. Wrong, d. Correct, e. Correct.
Q 2. Find the odd one out in the context of proclamation of Emergency.
a. The call for ‘Total Revolution’.
b. The Railway Strike of 1974
c. The Naxalite Movement
d. The Allahabad High Court verdict
e. The findings of the Shah Commission Report
Ans. c. The Naxalite Movement
Q 3. Match the following:
(a) Total Revolution (i) Indira Gandhi
(b) Garibi Hatao (ii) Jayaprakash Narayan
(c) Students' Protest (iii) Bihar Movement
(d) Railway Strike (iv) George Fernandes
Ans. a. Total Revolution -(iii) Bihar Movement.
b. Garibi Hatao -(i) Indira Gandhi.
c. students' Protest -(ii) Jayaprakash Narayan.
d. Railway Strike -(iv) George Fernandes.
Q 4. What were the reasons which led to the mid-term elections in 1980?
Ans. The reasons that led to the mid-term elections in 1980 were as follows:
a. Janata Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme.
b. Janata Party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from
those pursued by Congress.
c. There was a split in Janata Party and the government led by Morarji Desai which lost its
majority in less than 18 months.
d. Charan Singh government was formed due to support of Congress party which later
decided to withdraw its support resulting resignation of Charan Singh government within
four months.
All the above-mentioned reasons led to midterm elections of 1980, which defeated Janata Party
and again Congress-led by Indira Gandhi came back to power by winning 353 seats.
Q 5. The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977 by the Janata Party Government. Why
was it appointed and what were its findings?
Ans. The following were the reasons for the appointment of the Shah Commission:
a. The Shah Commission was appointed in May 1977 by the Janata Party government which
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, was headed by Justice J.C. Shah, retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India.
b. To inquire “into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and
malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of the Emergency proclaimed on
the 25th June 1975”.
c. The Commission performed to examine various kinds of evidence to give testimonies
even including Indira Gandhi to appear before the Commission but she refused to answer any questions.
The following were the findings of the Shah Commission:
a. It found many ' excesses' committed during Emergency.
b. Under preventive detention laws, nearly one lakh eleven thousand people were arrested.
c. Press censorship took place without any proper legal sanctions. Newspapers were asked to get permission
before publishing of any matter
d. The Shah Commission report mentions that the General Manager of the Delhi Power
Supply Corporation received verbal orders from the office of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to
all newspaper presses at 2.00 a.m. on 26 June 1975. Electricity was restored two to three days later after
the censorship apparatus had been set up.
e. There were other and more serious allegations regarding the exercise of governmental power by people
who held no official position.
f. It found out that preventive detention was widely used by the government. Around one lakh eleven
thousand arbitrary arrests were made by the government.
g. slum dwellers were forcefully relocated in the barren area of Delhi, people were forcefully sterilised.
h. Sanjay Gandhi, the younger son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi did not hold any official position at the
time. Yet, he gained control over the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the
government
Q 6. What reasons did the Government give for declaring a National Emergency in 1975?
Ans. Emergency was proclaimed in response to a petition filed by Raj Narain, a socialist leader and a
candidate who had contested against Indira Gandhi in 1971. The following were the reasons given by the
Government for declaring a National Emergency in 1975:
1. On June 25, 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore,
it invoked Article 352 of the Constitution.
2. Article 352 can declare emergency on ground of either internal or external disturbances.
3. The government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a
state of emergency necessary.
4. Technically speaking this was within the powers of the government, for our Constitution
provides for some special powers to the government once an emergency is declared.
5. President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad thus proclaimed emergency which became the most controversial
episode in Indian Politics.
Q 7. The 1977 elections for the first time saw the Opposition coming into power at the Centre. What
would you consider as the reasons for this development?
Ans. The 1977 elections were evolved as a shock to everyone as Congress party was defeated
for the very first time and opposition party came into power.
The following were the reasons for this development:
a. The opposition adopted the slogan ‘Save democracy’ against the imposition of emergency
earlier.
b. The opposition campaigned non-democratic character of the rule which provided various excesses.
c. The opposition party highlighted the preventive and press censorship to favour public opinion.
d. Janata Party also ensured not to divide non-Congress votes.
e. Middle section of north India was moving away from Congress for whom Janata Party
became a platform.
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