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SUMMARY ENTREPRENEURSHIP: MODELS & INGREDIENTS $7.10   Add to cart

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SUMMARY ENTREPRENEURSHIP: MODELS & INGREDIENTS

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Summary of 53 pages for the course Entrepreneurship: Models and Ingredients at KU Leuven (18/20)

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  • April 5, 2023
  • 53
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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By: LeonoreVH • 10 months ago

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Entrepreneurship - models and
ingredients
Chapter 1: Entrepreneurship, idea generation

Increased interest in entrepreneurship
 There is tremendous interest in entrepreneurship everywhere in the world
 According to the GEM study, 5.8% of the French are actively engaged in starting a business or are the
owner of a business that is less than 3 years old
 French education:
o New ‘entrepreneur student’ status which allows students that create a business straight after
graduation to maintain certain advantages associated with being an student

What is entrepreneurship?
 Insane perseverance in the face of total rejection
 Entrepreneurship is the art of turning an idea into a business
 Entrepreneurship is the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources
they currently control => not true anymore, because it can also not involve individuals
 Entrepreneurship is about entrepreneurial agents (1), whose aim is to create new value (2) by means of
a creating process (3) that capitalizes on unilaterally imposed environmental factors (4) and
environmental possibilities that can be strategically selected (5)




 This definition covers different types of entrepreneurship
o ‘Corporate entrepreneurship’ or ‘intrapreneurship’ refers to the conceptualization of
entrepreneurship at the firm level which affects many individuals
 Occurs when employees undertake entrepreneurial activities in association with one
or more organizations
o ‘Social entrepreneurship’ is the process of pursuing suitable solutions to create and sustain
social value and innovations (good for the triple bottom line: people planet profit)


1

,  Can a social entrepreneur make millions? YES (e.g.: the restaurant in the dark)
o ‘Nascent entrepreneurship’ is when you are at the beginning of entrepreneurship => nascent
until you have created an entity that has generated more money than you have put into it
(seeding money)
 Nascent entrepreneurs with higher education are more successful => WHY? The
network that I build, the entrepreneur classes that I take, selection bias …
 … => a lot of different definitions, there is not 1 that is ‘the’ definition (don’t memorize these)

Why become an entrepreneur?
 There are 3 primary reasons:
o To be your own boss
o Financial rewards
o Desire to pursue own ideas
 Invest in your own business => makes it look like you would go the extra mile!

Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs
 A vision-driven individual who assumes significant personal and financial risk to start and/or expand a
business
 Those in the right place, at the right time, who recognize this and act upon it, appropriately and
passionately

Core characteristics: 3 things you HAVE TO HAVE

1. Passion for the business
 The number one characteristic shared by successful entrepreneurs is a passion for the business
2. Product/customer focus
 A second defining characteristic of successful entrepreneurs is a product/customer focus
 Use the word KNOW instead of THINK
 Often forgotten, but very important
3. Tenacity despite failure
 Because entrepreneurs are typically trying something new, the failure rate is naturally high
 A defining characteristic for successful entrepreneurs is their ability to persevere through
setbacks and failures
 Failure seen differently according to your location
o Western Europe: failure is stigmatizing
o US: Failure is expected and sometimes required
o Canada: In between but tending towards the US
 Failure should be a learning process!!
o Morn … then start again
o Stay optimistic … at least in public
o Agonize over what went wrong in private

Secondary characteristics: ‘nice to haves’

 Cognitive factors
o Some people believe that entrepreneurs have a ‘sixth sense’ that allows them to see
opportunities



2

, o This is called entrepreneurial alertness which is the ability to notice things without engaging
in deliberate search
 Higher education and creativity
o The most important thing is CREATIVITY => makes you see solutions where others see
problems
o Evidence seems to suggest that important entrepreneurial skills are enhanced through higher
education
o Not so much theory related, but linked to the ability to adequality link different pieces of info
 Prior industry experience
o If you know who (not) to talk to
o Helps an entrepreneur recognize business opportunities
o There is such a thing as too much industry experience, because creativity crumbles => rule of
thumb: often 6-8 years, depends whether the industry is volatile
o By working in an industry an individual
 May spot a market niche that is underserved
 Builds a network of social contacts who provide insights that lead to recognizing new
opportunities
 Prior entrepreneurial experience
o Founders familiar with the entrepreneurial process are more likely to avoid costly mistakes
o Is there a thing as too much entrepreneurial experience? NO
 Social networks
o Research result suggest that 40% and 50% of people who start a business got their idea via a
social contact
o The extent and depth of an individual’s social network affects entrepreneurial success
o Strong ties (Bounding => e.g.: family, friends) vs. weak ties (breaching)
 Strong ties: support the entrepreneurial decision the most
 Weak ties: most beneficial to nascent entrepreneurs
 Difference between bounding and breaching = TRUST

!! equity is most important thing as an entrepreneur => don’t just give it away

=> different way: allow this person equity in the future, after they deliver

Common myths about entrepreneurs
 Myth 1: Entrepreneurs are born, not made => NO
o Assume that the answer is somewhere in between => both talent and education are required
o Whether someone does or doesn’t become an entrepreneur is partially function of their
environment, life experiences, and personal choices
 Myth 2: Entrepreneurs are gamblers => NO
o Most entrepreneurs are moderate risk takers
 90%: risk general and risk lovers, you don’t want to be a lover in entrepreneurship
 10% is risk averse
o The idea that entrepreneurs are gamblers originates from 2 sources:
 Entrepreneurs typically have jobs that are less structured, and so they face a more
uncertain set of possibilities than people in traditional jobs
 Many entrepreneurs have a strong need to achieve and set challenging goals, a
behavior that is often equated with risk taking


3

, o Seek optimum level of risk taking
 Myth 3: Entrepreneurs are motivated primarily by money => NO
o Rarely the reason why people start new firms
o You won’t do short term investments because they think they will lose the money
o The pursuit of money can be distracting
 Myth 4: Entrepreneurs should be young and energetic => NO
o Entrepreneurial activity is fairly easily spread out over age
ranges
o Combo of human, financial and social capital =
Entrepreneurial substance = something I am better than you
 E.g.: 40 y/o is richer, more experience
o Risk taking behavior goes down with age because they have
much more to lose
o What makes an entrepreneur “strong” in the eyes of an
investor is experience, maturity, a solid reputation, and a
track record of success
 These criteria favor older rather than younger entrepreneurs
o In Belgium: 38 - 42 => because stigmatized part of the world => people wait
o In Silicon Valley: around 20 y/o

Quick questions:
 Which is the definition of entrepreneurship? => none of the above, because after over 50 years of
research academics still don’t agree on what exactly the definition of entrepreneurship is
 Arrange the following core entrepreneurial characteristics in order of importance, starting with the
most important and ending with the least important:
o 1) Passion
o 2) Product/customer focus
o 3) Tenacity despite failure




4

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