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Summary Cellular Biology (IB Bio SL)
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Cell biology: animal vs plant cells, eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells, transport processes, cell theory and more
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CELL BIOLOGYMitosis: division of nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei
➔ Prophase: nucleus is still intact but envelope is gone, DNA is condensing, centrioles (only
in animal cells) begin to move
➔ Metaphase: chromosomes line up in middle of cell, centrioles on opposite ends of cell,
begin to produce spindle fibres/microtubules, attach to centromeres
➔ Anaphase: chromosomes move to far sides of cell, helped by spindles
➔ Telophase: chromosomes split up + become less visible, nuclear membrane forming
➔ Interphase → G1 - S - G2
- Makes up 90% of cell cycle
- Duplication of chromosomes into two sister chromatids
- G1: protein synthesis + replication of organelles + cytoplasm…
- G0: differentiated cell
- S: DNA replication/duplication/synthesis
- G2: replication of organelles etc. preparation for division
➔ Cytokinesis: cells divide fully
Organelles
➔ Cytoplasm: material within a cell containing organelles
➔ Nucleus: contains genetic material like DNA + controls activity of cell
➔ Cell wall: structural layer surrounding cell + providing support
➔ Ribosome: serves as site for protein synthesis
➔ Mitochondrion: supplies cellular energy + maintain control of cell cycle and growth
➔ Plasma membrane: layer of proteins + lipids forming boundary of cell + controls what comes
in/out
, ➔ Endoplasmic Reticulum: membrane sacs/channels that modify + transport protein
◆ Rough ER: contains ribosomes, produces/transports/synthesises proteins
◆ Smooth ER: doesn't contain ribosomes, synthesises lipids
➔ Golgi body: responsible for processing + packaging protein into vesicles
➔ Vacuole: isolating harmful material + providing support + contains salt and sugar solutions +
maintains shape
➔ Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll + helps convert light into energy with photosynthesis
➔ Lysosomes: contains powerful digestive enzymes to break down + digest large molecules
★ go over electron microscopy of organelles
Plant vs Animal Cells
➔ Plants have cell walls, vacuoles + chloroplast
◆ Larger due to cell wall
◆ Synthesise glucose with photosynthesis
◆ store energy as starch grains
➔ Animal cells have lysosomes, small/no vacuole
◆ Cannot synthesise glucose
◆ Store energy as glycogen
animal cell
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