Where and why are lumbar punctures performed? - Answer- Spinal Block -> Anesthetic (into epidural space)
Spinal Tap -> CSF extraction (into subarachnoid space)W
B/W L3/L4 or L4/L5
NB: Posterior to this is *cauda equina*
Where does a *herniated intervertebral* disk occur? What causes i...
nbme anatomy shelf Exam 2023
Where and why are lumbar punctures performed? - Answer- Spinal Block -> Anesthetic (into epidural space)
Spinal Tap -> CSF extraction (into subarachnoid space)W
B/W L3/L4 or L4/L5
NB: Posterior to this is *cauda equina*
Where does a *herniated intervertebral* disk occur? What causes it? - Answer- Occurs b/w L4/L5 or *L5/S1* and C5/C6 or C6/C7
NB: affects lower spinal nerve #
Degeneration of annulus fibrosis followed by *sudden compression* of nucleus pulposus
What is the difference b/w *retrolisthesis* and *spondylolisthesis*? - Answer- Retro - backwards movement of vertebral bone
Spondylo - forward movement of bone
What is *lordosis*? - Answer- exaggerated *L*umbar curvature
What is *kyphosis*? - Answer- exaggerated thoracic curvature (can be seen w/osteoporosis)
What structures will be affected by a fracture of the *surgical neck*? - Answer- axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery
What structures will be affected by a fracture at *midshaft of humerus*? - Answer- radial
nerve and profunda brachii artery
What structures will be affected by a fracture at *supracondylar region of humerus*? - Answer- median nerve and brachial artery
What are differences b/w *Colles'* and *Smith's* Fractures? - Answer- Both are distal radial fractures
Smith's - flexion fracture (distal segment anterior)
Colles' - extension fracture (distal segment posterior/dorsal) - incl. avulced ulnar styloid process What are the carpal bones? - Answer- Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Which carpal bone is most often fractured during a fall (symptoms)? - Answer- Scaphoid
"deep tenderness in anatomical snuff box"
What is a boxer's fracture? - Answer- Fracture of necks of metacarpals
What are the 4 muscles of the *rotator cuff*? - Answer- Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
What *innervate* the four muscles of the rotator cuff? - Answer- Suprascapular N.
Suprascapular N.
Axillary N.
Upper/Lower Subscapular N.
What muscle (+ nerve) initiates abduction of upper limb? - Answer- 0°-15° by *supraspinatus* (suprascapular nerve)
What muscle (+ nerve) allow for abduction b/w 15° - 110°? - Answer- *deltoid* (axillary nerve)
What muscle (+ nerve) allow for abduction above horizontal position? - Answer- *trapezius* (CN XI) and *serratus anterior* (Long Thoracic N.)
What is tennis elbow? - Answer- AKA lateral epicondylitis; painful inflammation of common extensor tendon -> lateral epicondyle
What is golfer's elbow - Answer- AKA medial epicondylitis; inflammation of common *flexor* tendon
What are the arterial anastomoses around the scapula? - Answer- Problem: blockage of
subclavian or axillary a.
Sol'n: anastomoses b/w branches of *subscapular a.* and *thyrocervical trunk*
What are contents of *cubital fossa*? - Answer- From lateral to medial:
biceps brachii tendon
brachial a.
median n. What two muscles form borders of *cubital fossa*? - Answer- Pronator Teres (medial) and Brachioradialis (lateral)
What are *subcutaneous* structures of cubital fossa? - Answer- From lateral to medial:
cephalic v.
median cubital v. (connects the two; over bicipital aponeurosis)
basilic v.
What are causes/symptoms of *carpal tunnel syndrome*? - Answer- Causes: lesion that
↓ size of carpal tunnel (*dislocation of lunate bone*, fluid retention, infection), repetitive movement
Effect: median n. affected
-"pins and needles lateral 3.5 digits"
-palm sensation not affected
What causes *Upper Brachial Palsy*? - Answer- AKA Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Trauma during fall (head away from shoulder)
Pulling arm of child
*Lesion of C5/C6 or Upper Trunk*
What results from upper brachial palsy? - Answer- Waiter's tip hand
Medially rotated arm
Adducted shoulder
Extended elbow
Loss of sensation in lateral upper limb
What are the cause/result of *klumpke's paralysis*? - Answer- a. injury of lower root (C8/T1); "grabbing a tree limb"; *thoracic outlet syndrome*
b. combination lesions of *ulnar* (claw hand) and *median nerve* (ape hand)
What results from lesion to *musculocutaneous nerve*? - Answer- Cause: lesion of *lateral cord*
Effect: weak elbow flexion (biceps/brachialis) and forearm supination (biceps)
What are main innervations of arm? - Answer- 1. biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis *musculocutaneous n.*
2. back of arm - *radial n.*
3. forearm muscles (8) - *median n.*
Exception: f. digitorum profundus/f. carpi ulnaris *ulnar n.*
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Gordones22. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
