Latest BIOS 242 Exam 1 Q & A Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab – Chamberlain What did Aristotle contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He thought that life could arise from nonliving matter in a process called "spontaneous generation" What did Robert Hook contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He was the first to use a microscope to observe microbes in the 1600s. What did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek contribute to Microbiology? ✓ Known as the "father" of Microbiology, he invented the first microscope that could view living things up to 300x magnification. He looked at plaque from teeth, rainwater, etc. and called the things he observed "animalcules". What did Louis Pasteur contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He finally disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with his "swan neck" flask experiment. He also proved that microbes were responsible for some diseases in his "Germ Theory" and invented pasteurization to preserv e food. What is Germ Theory? ✓ The theory that diseases are caused by microorganisms and determines if an organism is pathogenic, which disease it causes. Describe Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment ✓ He placed broth in two swan neck flasks and boiled the broth to kill any organisms. He then left the flasks exposed to the open air and found that as long as the neck of the flask remained unbroken, no microbes grew in the broth and they all settled in the curve of the flask neck. As soon as the neck was broken, the broth began to turn cloudy due to microbes. What did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He was the pioneer for aseptic procedures after he discovered that women were less likely to ge t puerperal fever (child -bed fever) after giving birth if the physician washed their hands after working in the morgue. What did Joseph Lister contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He implemented the use of aseptic techniques in the OR and was the first to apply the "germ theory" to surgery by cleaning both the surfaces and the air. What did Robert Koch contribute to Microbiology? ✓ Koch was a German physician who founded the scientific method of microbiology by creating a criterion to distinguish between an infectious agent and a disease (AKA Koch's Postulates). Koch was interested in different diseases (Anthrax, TB, smallpox) and us ed the postulates to demonstrate the chain of infection (AKA transmission of disease). He also developed the "smear" plate technique. What did Christian Gram contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He invented the Gram Stain technique as a way of identifying and differentiating bacteria based on the physical properties of the cell and how they react to the stain. He also devised a system of classification for bacteria. What are Koch's postulates? ✓ 1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. ✓ 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. ✓ 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. ✓ 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. What did Alexander Fleming contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He discovered the first antibiotic (Penicillin) while culturing bacteria in a lab. The culture was contaminated by a fungus and he noticed that wherever the mold grew, no bacteria grew. What are the branches of Microbiology? ✓ Medical ✓ Public Health & Epidemiology ✓ Immunology ✓ Industrial ✓ Agricultural ✓ Environmental What is Medical Microbiology? ✓ Deals with microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals What is Public Health Microbiology & Epidemiology ✓ Monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities (CDC, WHO) What is Immunology? ✓ The study of the body's defenses against specific pathogens, cancer and autoimmune diseases. (Includes vaccinations, blood testing, and allergies) What is Industrial Microbiology? ✓ Safeguards our food and water, checks them for contamination by microorganisms. Intentional use (biotechnology) of microbes for manufacturing products (amino acids, beer, bread, drugs, wine, enzymes, vitamins) What is Agricultural Microbiology? ✓ Relationsh ips between microbes and domesticated plants and animals, safeguards against infections spread due to the contamination of plants and animals What is Environmental Microbiology? ✓ The study of how microbes’ effect on the environment, (i.e., Bio - remediation , aquatic, geomicrobiology and astrobiology) What did Carolus Linnaeus contribute to Microbiology? ✓ He created a binomial (two name) system of nomenclature to identify an organism. Genus’s name followed by species name
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