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Chapter 2 Study Guide with BONUS fill in the blank
- Course
- MN 551 (MN551)
- Institution
- Purdue University
This is a study guide created for Unit 1 Ch 2 of MN 551, Pathophysiology at Purdue University.
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Chapter 2: Cell and Tissue Characteristics Study GuideI. The Nucleus
A. Nuclear envelope: A double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
B. Nuclear pores: Channels in the nuclear envelope that allow the exchange of materials between the
nucleus and cytoplasm.
II. DNA and RNA
A. Chromatin: A complex of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
B. RNA synthesis: The process of creating an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): A component of ribosomes that helps in protein synthesis.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
III. Nucleolus
A. A dense structure within the nucleus responsible for ribosome assembly and production of rRNA.
IV. Functional Components of the Cell
A. Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.
B. Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance within the cell, containing organelles and other structures.
C. Cell membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
V. Protoplasm
A. Composition
1. Water: The primary solvent in cells, participating in biochemical reactions.
2. Proteins: Essential macromolecules that perform various functions in cells, such as catalyzing reactions and providing structural support.
3. Electrolytes: Ions that help maintain cellular functions, such as osmotic balance and electrical signaling. B. Regions
1. Cytoplasm: The part of the protoplasm outside the nucleus.
2. Nucleoplasm: The part of the protoplasm within the nucleus.
VI. The Cytoplasm and Organelles
A. Cytoplasm: The workspace for the cell containing water, electrolytes, proteins, fats, glycogen, and pigments.
B. Organelles
1. Ribosomes: Protein factories that synthesize proteins according to mRNA instructions.
2. Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membrane-enclosed channels involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
a. Rough ER: Contains ribosomes, synthesizes and processes proteins.
b. Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, and detoxifies harmful substances.
3. Golgi complex: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion.
4. Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration.
5. Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
6. Proteasomes: Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins.
VII. Membranes
A. Cell membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
1. Lipids: Major components of cell membranes that provide structure and act as a barrier.
a. Phospholipids (amphipathic): Molecules with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail that make up the lipid bilayer.
b. Cholesterol (hydrophobic): Molecule that helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability.
2. Proteins (integral and surface): Embedded or attached to the membrane, involved in transport, signaling, and structural support.
VIII. Cell Membrane Components
A. Lipid bilayer: The basic fluid structure of the membrane, serving as a semipermeable barrier.
B. Phospholipids: Molecules with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
C. Integral proteins: Span the entire lipid bilayer, involved in transport and signaling.
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