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BTEC Applied Science Unit 11-Genetics and Genetic Engineering Assignment A Grade Achieved Distinction
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BTEC Unit 11Genetics and genetic engineering Grade Achieved Distinction
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Unit-11 Genetics and Genetic EngineeringIntroduction:
This assignment focuses on the aspects of
genetics and genetic engineering. Genetic
engineering is a process that uses laboratory-
based methods or artificial technology to
manipulate the genes or the DNA to modify
organisms. This may include the altering of
nucleic acid molecules or changing a base pair
(A-T or C-G) or deleting a section of the DNA and
replacing it with a new region of the DNA. The
purpose of genetic engineering is to produce
desired organisms.
Process of Genetic Engineering- 2022. [Image] Available at:
<https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fsphweb.bumc.bu.edu%2Fotlt%2FMPH-Modules%2FPH%2FGMOs
%2FGMOs3.html&psig=AOvVaw193jY2un3Ym3-
YmVuA5IYM&ust=1664441444992000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQ
jRxqFwoTCJib--iNt_oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAo> [Accessed 26 September
2022].
The aims of this assignments are:
A.P1- Explain the structure and function of DNA and various nucleic acids.
A.M1- Discuss the functional role of the nucleic acids in DNA, in the stages of protein
synthesis.
A.D1- Assess the impact of errors in the stages of protein synthesis.
A.P1: Explain the structure and function of DNA and various nucleic acids.
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that
contains the genetic code for all organisms. Almost
cell in our body contains DNA. The DNA is located
in the nucleus of the cell (known as nuclear DNA)
however small amounts of the DNA can also be
found in the mitochondria (known as
mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria is the
powerhouse of the cell. These are membrane-
bound organelles that generate chemical energy
from food to the cells for them to use. The DNA
contains four chemical building blocks or
bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) 2022. DNA Replication. [Image] Available at: <https://www.google.com/url?
2022. DNA Structure. [Image] Available at: <https://www.google.com/url?
and guanine (G). The order of these base pairs sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Flife-sciences%2FDNA-
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv
Replication-and-
regulate the instructions for the genome. %3Deb5PPWFZzxI&psig=AOvVaw07ALaXbUCHU2VtWmHRE77R&ust=166444
Repair.aspx&psig=AOvVaw3vpNRw5ylQT23zOY2NHY9M&ust=166463079706
Likewise, these bases pair up each other: A 2374954000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCJDNvqGRt_oCF
4000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCJCCrpjPvPoCFQAAAAAd
QAAAAAdAAAAABAd>
AAAAABAm> [Accessed 2022].
[Accessed 26 September 26 September 2022].
with T and C with G to form complimentary
base pairs. Each of these bases is connected to
, a sugar and phosphate molecule. The base,
sugar and phosphate molecules together
form a nucleotide. These nucleotides are
arranged into two strands that forms a
spiral which is known as the double-helix.
The structure of the double-helix is
described as a twisted ladder with the base
pairs forming ‘rungs’ on the ladder and each
base pair is joined by hydrogen bonds. Each
DNA strand has a 5 prime and 3 prime
beginning and end. These are formed when
the DNA strands run opposite to each other; therefore, one strand runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction and the
other strands runs in a 3’ to 5’ direction. When DNA replicates, these strands are separated because
the new cells are required to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.
RNA:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nuclei acid is similar to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
however there is are several differences between the two acids. RNA is usually a
single-stranded molecule. The RNA is made from phosphate groups and a sugar
called ribose and is attached to the four chemical bases: adenine (A), uracil (U),
cytosine (C) and guanine (G). There are different types of RNA: messenger RNA
(mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRna), transfer RNA (tRna) and small interfering RNA
(siRNA). The main purpose of the RNA is to create proteins through the process
of translation. It also contains genetic information that is translated by
2022. RNA. [image] Available at:
ribosomes and forms several proteins. <https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.yourgenome.org%2Ffacts%2Fwhat-is-
mRNA: rna
%2F&psig=AOvVaw30mfHSMuj1OpyaxzZ92j1q&ust
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA which is involved in the =1664822280801000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=
process of protein synthesis. mRNA is formed from a DNA template 0CAgQjRxqFwoTCPCFxbaYwvoCFQAAAAAdAAAAAB
during the process of transcription. The function of the mRNA is to
carry protein information from the cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm, in which
the protein-making-machinery reads the mRNA and translates the three-base
codon into each amino acid to form a chain of proteins. In eukaryotic cells
(eukaryotes), a freshly transcribed RNA is known as pre-MRNA. To become
mRNA, it needs to go through maturation. Pre-mRNA consists of non-coding and
coding regions which are known as introns and exons. When pre-mRNA is being
processed, the introns are spliced and the exons are attached together.
2022. mRNA. [image] Available at:
<https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable
%2Ftopicpage%2Ftranslation-dna-to-mrna-to-
protein-
393%2F&psig=AOvVaw0JO3LRohd6InH4nviT3rg
U&ust=1665052604686000&source=images&cd=
tRNA: vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCNCC487yyPoCFQAAA
AAdAAAAABAh> [Accessed 27 September 2022].
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that is used in protein
synthesis. It is used to translate the mRNA molecule and the amino acids
to make proteins. Every time when an amino acid is added to the chain, a
tRNA molecule pairs up with the complimentary sequence of the mRNA
2022. tRNA. [image] Available at:
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