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Class notes HIS2023
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LESSON -1REVOLUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD
1. What were the main features of Renaissance?
Humanisam, Scientific temper, Spirit of criticism & Spirit of inquiry. It
motivated the people to question irrational beliefs & traditions.
Renaissance gave birth to enlightment
The thinkers propagated the ideas like freedom, democracy,
equality and nationalism.
It encouraged the people to protest against the autocratic
system.
2. Write a short note on the American war of Independence?
From the 16th C onwards the Europeans began to migrate to North
America to exploit the resources.
By the 18th C England had established thirteen colonies in North
America.
British treated these colonies as centres for collecting raw
materials and as market for selling their products.
As part of Mercantilism several laws were implemented in the British
Colonies.
The ideologies of some thinkers also stimulated the people of the
colonies to fight against the exploitative laws of the British
The delegates of the colonies met at Philadelphia in 1774 to protest
against policies and rules imposed by England.
People of the colonies submitted a petition to the king of England.
But the king sent a military force to suppress the people.
The second continental congress hold at Philadelphia in 1775 under
the leadership of George Washington.
The American continental Congress issued the famous declaration of
independent on 4th July 1776.
The war between England and the colonies ended in 1781.
According to treaty of paris the thirteen colonies became
independent.
3. French Revolution
The French society was divided into three First estate (Clergy)
Second estate (Nobles) and the third estate (Middle class people)
Voltaire, Rousseau & Montesquieu inspired the people to fight
against the inequality and exploitation.
1 History
, Louis XVI summoned the State General to levy new taxes upon
commoners.
The French Parliament had three Estates. Traditionally each estate
had one vote. As a result the nobility and the clergy could always
over rule the third estate.
The commoners demanded individual vote for each members of all
the three estate.
The third estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of
france and assembled in the tennis court nearby (Tennis court Oath)
The third estate demolished the Bastille prison and passed the
declaration of the right of mans of the citizen.
In 1792 the new constitution proclaimed France as a republic.
4. Latin American Revolution
In the 16th & 17th C Spain and Portugal established their colonies in
Latin America.
They exploited the wealth and resources of Latin America and
erased their traditional culture. The Spain and Portugal propagated
their language, religion and customs there.
Several schools were established for imparting Spanish system of
education Spanish farming methods & crops were adopted.
The Latin American colonies were liberated under the leaders like
Francisco Miranda, Simon Bolivar and Jose De San Martin. By 1825
all the Latin American colonies became free.
5. The Russian Revolution
Farmers and factory workers led a tragic life under the autocracy of
the Tsarist emperors.
The low agricultural production affected the farmer’s income. They
had to pay huge tax. The Marxist ideologies formulated by Karl Marx
and Frederik Engels stirred the workers. Based on their ideology the
Social Democratic workers party formed. Later it was splited in to
Mensheviks (Alexander Kerensky) and Bolsheviks (Lenin, Trotsky)
The workers organized a huge march at Petrograd demanding
political rights and economic reforms. It was fired by the soldiers
and hundreds were massacred. (Bloody Sunday)
Ignoring the protest from Duma Micholas II decided to participate in
the first world war. The workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II
was thrown out of power. (February revolution)
A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky.
2 History
, On October 1917 the Bolsheviks organized armed rebellion against
the provisional Govt. Kerensky fled from the country. Russia came
under the control of Bolsheviks. (October Revolution)
6. The Chinese Revolution
The Manchu dynasty in china favoured the foreign interference &
domination some secret organizations revolted against it in 1900
(Boxer Rebellion) .
In 1911 another revolt took place under the leadership of Dr. Sun
Sat Sen against Manchu Dynasty. This ended Monarchy in China.
When Chiang Kai- Shek came into power he gave opportunity for
foreign powers to freely interfere in China. The communist protested
against this and they were brutally suppressed. Later Mao ze dong
rose to the leadership and he conducted Long March and captured
the centre of Kuomintang rule. In 1949 China became republic.
7. How did American war of independence influenced the later history
of the world?
a) Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles
and revolutions all over the world.
b) Put forward the concept of republican form of govt.
c) Prepared the first written constitution
d) Contributed to the concept of federal system
e) Guided human rights activities
8.
Revolutions Results
American war of independence The American continental
– George Washington, John Locke, congress issued the famous
Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, declaration of independence on
Benjamin Franklin 4 July 1776.
Thirteen colonies got freedom
according to the treaty of Paris
in 1783
George Washington became
the 1st president of USA
French Revolution – Voltaire, The end of feudalism
Rousseau, Montesquieu The idea of people’s
sovereignty
The emergence of Nationalism
The growth of middle class
The ideas of liberty, equality
and Fraternity
Russian Revolution – Seized the land owned by the
Maximgorky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan land lords and distributed it
3 History
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