Exam (elaborations)
ASB 222 Module 1-7 Final Exam 2023
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ASB 222 Module 1-7 Final Exam 2023...
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ASB 222 Module 1- 7 Final Exam 2023 Earthworks/Land Art - ANSWER Outdoor works that use the earth and natural materials as their medium Hopewell: communal ceremonial centers perhaps used to tie disperse community together. Adena: one of first to build earthworks Mounds - ANSWER a constructed hill, normally over a burial site Hopewell: tripartite structure, expressed closure, charnel houses, caches of ceremonial objects Poverty Point, LA - ANSWER Earthwork 2K years prior to Hopewell - type of Adena Adena Mounds - ANSWER Adena and Hopewell 500 b.c.-400 a.d. - Ohio River Valleyflat-topped hills formed circles, squares, or other shapes and were 350 ft across. Ceremonial enclosures = not defensive works. Surrounded burial mounds or stood alone Important tombs log- lined, corpse painted, pipes and tablets engraved with symbols Some buried in death huts that were burned down ceremoniously Most were communal mounds and generations added to it. Not as complex as Hopewell Hopewell Subsistence System - ANSWER evidenced by little midden deveolopment Small, Dispersed hamlets Farming local crops Wild game: deer Wild plants: nuts Types and Forms of Hopewell earthworks - ANSWER elaborate mounds, causeways, "forts", octagons, circles, squares, often tripartite Scale was huge Reasons for building earthworks and mounds - ANSWER perhaps signified ancestral passage to underworld make dispersed community more concrete some segmentation- perhaps signifying different clan participation mark ceremonial event established social and territorial boundaries Cahokia - ANSWER Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans native american sacred traditions have roots here. Religious leaders and rulers may have inherited power -richly decorated graves Collapsed in 1250 Rich artistic tradition, survived in other cultures right up to European explorers arrived in 1550s in South and Southeast Weather too harsh to cultivate large civilizations like Maya or Aztec Long term trend toward greater political elaboration, degree of social ranking and interdepence Enchanted Objects - ANSWER ritual object that had own power to communicate with supernatural identified by craftmanship: Polished shinyness Form Color Ornamentation made of exotic material obtained by 'power questing" Power questing - ANSWER Making journeys to powerful places for personal prestige Beyond 'known world' Pass through territories of different peoples Physically challenging Spiritual journey Ritual Objects and their purpose - ANSWER -Performance Appropriate ornamentation for ritual garments that have now decayed Musical instruments -Participation attendees may have needed particular item- copper ear spools Large caches of stone pipes- Analogy- the smoking may indicate a ceremonial use. Similar usage of ceremonial smoking in modern tribes -Symbols of social or ritual affiliation -Symbols of authority? Charnel House - ANSWER Basins lined in clay used for cremation Ranked society - ANSWER Ascribed status Kin-based Sanctified through mythological descent Hierarchical order of status positions Socially defined priviledges, responsibilities and authorities associated with these positions Non elite autonomous in many areas of life Archaeological evidence for hierarchy - ANSWER Lifestyle- house style, diet, material culture Mortuary remains-grave location, elaborate treatment, adornment, Power - access location, control over labor, control over life an death Adena and Hopewell - Elaborate mortuary complexes-Prominent leaders may have been buried there Mississippian - elaborate graves thatched temple and enormous plaza, ceremonial complex Chacoan - highly planned civic structures towns, irrigation, roads, burials Hohokam - ANSWER Hohokam identified as: Farmers in large southern AZ/Pheonix area with same agricultural strategies Irrigation networks Unique artifact styles - pottery Public buildings Platform mounds - Not sure if they spoke same language or considered themselves same ethnic group Hohokam irrigation canals - ANSWER 2nd only to Peru No evidence of major government organization or societal complexity No graves or dwelling of high status individuals signalling a bureaucracy demarcated group of farmers who cooperated to make canals workThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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