Cancer Overview
• Abnormal Cells: grow and divide and form new abnormal cells. Exact cause not always known. Could be viruses, physical and chemical agents, hormones, genetics, and diet are thought to be factors.
• Cancer cells: can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other areas, lymph...
lOMoARcPSD|19851541
2023
NUR 355 Exam 1
355 Exam 1 Acute & Chronic Health
Disruptions In Adults I (Arizona College of Nursing)
355 Exam 1 (modules 1,2)
Cancer Overview
•Abnormal Cells: grow and divide and form
new abnormal cells. Exact cause not always
known. Could be viruses, physical and
chemical agents, hormones, genetics, and diet
are thought to be factors.
Downloaded by Sandra Haller (tutor3570@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19851541
•Cancer cells: can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other areas, lymph, and blood
(Metastasis). Cancer is always named based on origin, not where it is located if metastasized.
•BENIGN: Non-cancerous tumors. Do not invade other tissue and do not metastasize.
•MALIGNANT: Cancerous tumors. Will invade surrounding tissue and metastasize.
Tumor Staging
•Tumor: Is there a tumor and what is the size and extent
•Node: Is there lymph node involvement, if so, how many?
•Metastasis: Is there distant spread? How many places?
Downloaded by Sandra Haller (tutor3570@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19851541
Diagnosis & Treatment
•Diagnostics: Based on where tumor is located. Could do: CT Scan, MRI, PET scan, Ultrasound, X-ray. oLabs are Cancer specific, will cover with each specific cancer.
•Treatment possibilities:
oReduction: Reduce the size of tumor o Excision: Surgery
oChemotherapy: Before surgery to
shrink the tumor and/or after
surgery.
oRadiation: to get any lingering
cells
oHormone therapy: for specific
cancers
oImmunotherapy o Photodynamic
therapy o Stem Cell therapy o Healthy diet o Pain management
Ch. 6 - Geriatric Implications for Medical-Surgical Nursing
Introduction
•Three stages of “old age”
•Young Old: 65-75
•Old : 75-85
•“Old Old” or “oldest old”: >85
Age-Related Changes Greater risk for illness related to normal declines in adaptation o Senescence: Normal age-related changes in organ systems o Sclerosis: Hardening of tissue due to fibrous tissue overgrowth o Stenosis: Narrowing or constricting of a passage or orifice o Atrophy: Wasting away or decrease in the size of an organ
o Calcification: Calcium and calcium salts are deposited in abnormal locations, like blood vessels Common Cardiovascular Health Issues
•Heart and vascular disease : Hypertension, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction, caused by sclerotic changes in blood vessels and heart wall muscle tissues
•Heart failure: Most often caused by MI or hypertension; damaged heart muscle results in decreased contractility
•Atrial fibrillation: Pacemaker cells in the atrium fire sporadically, resulting in rapid twitching in the atria, back up of blood in atria, and inadequate filling of ventricles
•Heart disease: Risk factors can include stroke, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity Downloaded by Sandra Haller (tutor3570@gmail.com)
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