CPCE 2022 - Appraisal & Assessment, questions and answers, rated A+
Z score - -Most common standard score
Mean=0 ; s.d.=1
A z-score allows one to compare people's scores on the basis of standard deviation units. Each z "point" is one standard deviation.
T score - -Most common standard s...
A z-score allows one to compare people's scores on the basis of standard deviation units. Each z "point"
is one standard deviation.
T score - ✔✔-Most common standard score
Mean=50 ; s.d=10
Standard Score - ✔✔-Descriptive statistics allows for the development of standard scores which are
described and interpreted by using the appropriate mean and s.d. in relation to the normal curve.
Any set of score in which a mean and standard deviation is known.
Types: T-score, Z-score, Stanine, Sten
Stanine - ✔✔-9 divisions of the normal curve.
Range=1-9; Mean= 5 ; s.d.= 2
The term stanine is a contraction of "standard nines." Stanines provide a single-digit scoring metric with
a range from 1 to 9, a mean of 5, and a standard deviation of 2. Each stanine score represents a specific
range of percentile scores in the normal curve. Stanines are useful when a researcher is interested in
providing a "band" interpretation rather than a single score cutoff.
Sten - ✔✔-a 10 division of the normal curve
Mean = 5.5 ; s.d = 2)
,Percentage score - ✔✔-is the number of correct items divided by total number of items. (6/10 = 60%)
Normal curve - ✔✔-Linear line is the base line of curve. Line referred to as z-line. A z-line has mean of 0
and SD of 1. Note +-1 sd = 68% of curve (34+34), +-2 sd = 95% of curve (34+34+13.5+13.5) and +-3 sd =
99% of curve (95+2+2).
The normal curve can be established for any set of data when the mean and sd are known.
Variability - ✔✔-How the scores spread away or disperse from the central tendency. Some ways to
examine variability are range and standard deviation.
Range - ✔✔-done by subtracting the lowest number (score) from the highest number (score) and add
one.
Standard deviation - ✔✔-s.d is square root of variance.
A calculation in which each individual score is determined to be how many units away from arithmetic
mean.
Used when the mean is reported as the best indicator of the average.
This is the most reliable measure of variability for a sample.
Construct validity - ✔✔-Correlation r. Is extent to which a test measures an abstract trait or
psychological notion theoretical construct like intelligence, self-esteem, feelings, artistic talent. Used for
personality theory & non-cognitive tests.
A construct is any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe.
,Criterion validity - ✔✔-Evidence based on relations to other variables. Relating test scores with relevant
criteria to which scores from a test can be used to predict performance on some criterion such as a test
or future performance.
2 types: Predictive or Concurrent
***Item discrimination - ✔✔-The degree to which an item differentiates correctly among test takes in
the behavior that the test is designed to measure.
Is to determine if the item can discriminate the learner from the non-learner. The item analysis results
can be utilized to arrange the test in a spiral form.
Evaluation - ✔✔-Results in answers to qualitative questions.
Formative Evaluation
Summative Evaluation
Assessment - ✔✔-A FORMATIVE EVALUATION: It is conducted while a program is being formed. The
purpose of a formative evaluation is to obtain the information needed to revise a program as it is being
developed in order to ensure that the program's goals are met.
A SUMMATIVE EVALUATION, which is the systematic evaluation of a program after it has been
administered to determine if the program's objectives have been met.
An ASSESSMENT is conducted prior to the implementation of a program or an intervention to obtain the
information needed to formulate the goals and objectives of the proposed program.
Formative & Summartive Evaluation - ✔✔-Formative- Continuous information used to modify a program
to improve effectiveness (4 exams during semester).
Summative- Information gathered at the end of term. One time.
, Measurement - ✔✔-Results in answers to quantitative questions. The test score (quantity) is used to
identify a number answer (usually expressed as raw score or percentage correct). Quality is to infer how
well they did in comparison to a group.
Non-cognitive tests - ✔✔-There are no right/wrong answers. Faking may be a concern.
Error types: halo, criterion, leniency, acquiescence, social desirability, ect
Acquiescence- when a client always agrees with something
Deviation (in reference to testing)- when an individual purposely, or when in doubt, gives unusual
responses.
Social desirability- when someone tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner.
True Score - ✔✔-is the average of all the scores for a person upon retesting a large number of times,
hypothetical score that could be attained if the assessment were perfectly reliable.
Chi-square nonparametric test - ✔✔-What examines whether obtained frequencies different
significantly from expected frequencies.
Goodness-Of-Fit Test: A nonparametric inferential hypothesis test that examines how well an observed
frequency distribution of a nominal (categorical) variable fits some expected pattern of frequencies.
Observed frequencies: the frequencies observed in the sample
Expected frequencies: frequencies expected in the sample based on some pattern of frequencies such as
those in the population.
Probability of throwing heads on a coin is 50% and is referred to as an expected frequency.The observed
frequency would be throwing heads 71%.
Percentile or Percentile Rank - ✔✔-A percentile indicates the percentage of people in the reference
group who performed at or below the examinee's score. This score type is easily confused and
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