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PSYC 3480 MIDTERM NOTES 2022 UPDATE ASSUARED SUCCESS
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PSYCO 3480-Sport psychology final exam notesUnit 1: Introduction
Unit notes
Sport and sport psychology
• Attempts to apply what we know about psychology of human behavior to describe, understand, explain,
predicts, and improve performance and experience of athletes and coaches
• Study of influence of cognitive, behavioral, social and emotional factors on sport and exercise performance
• Study of effect of sport and exercise involvement on psychological and emotional factors
• Psychologists define sport psychology as:
o Scientific study of psychological factors that influence/are influenced by participation and performance
in sport, exercise, and physical activity
o Application of knowledge gained through study to everyday settings
• Two concepts important in sport psychology and exercise:
o Positive psychology: belief that the study of athletic behavior and experience should focus on
wellness and quality of life, not just absence of disease
o Evidence based practice: emphasizes argument that valuable application and practice in sport
psychology must be based on good science
• People contact sport psychologist to improve performance, overcome pressure of competition,
enhance experience of sport participants, and provide psychological assistance with injury
• Applied sport psychology: assessment, training, and intervention strategies that enhance an individuals
performance and personal growth
• Attention given to life skills and on field performance
• Athletes performance can be facilitated or hindered by communication skills, assertiveness, anger,
management, and time management
• Sport psychologists may be involved in counselling athletes/coaches in many issues (interpersonal relationships,
feelings of belonging, general health issues, family issues etc.)
• Psychological intervention needed to assist athletes/others to deal with emotion, motivation, and
judgement following successful and unsuccessful performance
What is sport?
• Physical activity involving physical skill, prowess, and exertion
• Occur under particular set of conditions/circumstances
• Done in an organized setting
• Involves competition and physical activity that are formalized under institutional rules/regulations
• Transformation competitive PA to sport involves standardized sets of behaviors maintained over time across
different settings
• Rules are standardized across teams, rule enforcement is handled by official regulatory bodies, and organizational
and technical aspects are developed and rationalized
• Players and coaches develop strategies and training schedules, and learning of game becomes formalized
• Sport depends on the combination of internal motivation and external motivation
o There is involvement in sport activities for pure joy of participation (internal) and desire to
attain recognition and rewards (external)
• Spectacles: activities involving only external motivations absent of internal motivation
• Play: activity involving participation only for pure enjoyment
• Games: formal activities
• Recreation: activity for diversion or fitness
Foundations of sport psychology
• Discipline that depends on many areas of general psychology
Psychological foundations of sport psychology
1 Developmental Psychology; optimal learning and
performance years; heredity and environment;
maturational processes; childhood and adolescent
experiences; maturity and aging; disabilities;
2 Personality (Clinical); adjustment problems; motivation;
,PSYCO 3480-Sport psychology final exam notes
persistence; direction and effort; psychological
attributes and success;
3 Perception, Learning and Cognition; learning processes
and variables; perceptual and cognitive factors
influencing skill acquisition; administration of practice
sessions; performance variables; human factors or
ergonomics;
instructional design; systems models; media
usage; individualized learning approaches;
4 Social group and organizational behavior; competition
and cooperation; leadership and management; spectator
effects; peer and culture effects; communication; social
dimensions;
5 Psychometrics measurement; individual differences;
group differences; abilities, aptitudes and skills;
personnel
selection; prediction of success
History of sport psychology
Brief history of early sport and sport psychology, and the scientific approach
• Man’s earliest known civilizations hunting, horse racing, wrestling, boxing, archery, and other marital arts
were popular in ruling classes
• Free men and slaves were employed to provide entertainment, music, dance, and dramatic theatres for spectators
and audience
• Activities were associated with religious events and land was put aside for promotion of
festivities Greek civilization (500 BC)
• Different types of recreation were available to people
• Ruling class didn’t work because of availability of slaves
• Free men were needed for military purposes, and physical fitness and athleticism were perceived as a necessity
to protect state against invaders – extensive sport programs and competitors were promoted
• This evolved into professional athletes performing before spectators where only winning was valued, and
champions were celebrated and became rich
• Greeks developed notion of leisure ethic in affluent and free men
• Intelligent use of free time and activities had constructive qualities and were valued among Greek
,PSYCO 3480-Sport psychology final exam notes
philosophers and followers
, PSYCO 3480-Sport psychology final exam notes
Roman Empire
• More pragmatic in use of sport
• Empire builders and encouraged citizens to be involved in athletics for health and military reasons
• Free men did not participate much in music, dance, and theater
• Activities primarily were conducted by slaves and professionals
• As Roman Empire grew strong and wealthy, a large middle class developed in urban centers
• Individuals had a great amount of free time with 200 holidays each year
• To keep populace happy, emperors provided festivals with free food and entertainment
• Desire for spectacles promoted a change form athletic contests to bloody fights, first involving animals
then humans
• Slaves, prisoners, and professional gladiators battled to the death
• At height of Roman empire, Rome’s 60 000 seta Coliseum was constructed with an opening event lasting
100 days
• Coliseum was built to accommodate land and sea battles
• Many cities and towns had large arenas, gyms, and courts for ball
games Middle ages (500 AD – 1350 AD)
• Saw the fall of Roman empire, long periods of sporadic warfare, and rise and spread of Christianity
• Influenced athletic and recreational activities
• Catholic church stood in direct opposition to Roman Empire
• Recreation was judged a sin because it interfered with purpose of life, to prepare the soul for salvation
• Hard work, self deprivation, and religious duties overseen by elaborate system and power of monasteries
became the norm during following centuries
• Ruling class and aristocracy indulged htemselve sin hunting and falconry
• Only nobility were allowed to partake in tournaments, jousting, and other events on
horseback Renaissance and reformation period (1350-1700)
• Catholic church declined in power and Europe was controlled by monarchs and supporting nobilities
• Rekindling of interest occurred among nobility in arts and recreation
• Working class was permitted to participate in games of soccer, boxing, cock fighting, and bearbaiting
• Reaction against excesses of catholic church and pleasure seeking aristocracy cultivated in 1500s in a
major movement known as the protestant reformation
• Beliefs of protestant church leaders led to prohibition on most forms of recreation and sports
• Sunday was seen as a day of worship and rest, and the rest of the week was devoted to productive work
• Strong legal and moral pressures placed on community to prohibit idle play, drinking, dancing, and gambling
• This ideas were brought to New England
• In American south, a wealthy aristocracy of salve operated plantation owners became established and attitudes
were less Puritan
• Hunting, gambling and other recreational sports were enjoyed by wealthy but not so much by working class
• As colonies grew and became more established, sport and recreational activities developed across socio
economic classes in sports such as horseback racing, billiards, bowling cricket, handball, soccer, shinny, tennis,
golf, baseball, and shooting competitions
Key historical dates in sport psychology
• 1898 - First sport psychology study conducted by Norman Triplett
• 1925 - First sport psychology laboratory established by C. R. Griffith at the University of Illinois
• 1965 - International Society of Sport Psychology is formed
• 1967 - North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity is formed
• 1969 - Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology is formed
• 1985 - Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology is formed
• 1987 - Division 47 of the American Psychological Association (Exercise and Sport Psychology) is formed.
Science and sport
• Scientific psychology: systematic study of behavior and experience whether public, observable behavior,
or private thoughts
• Applications are based on empirical studies of behavior – systematic methods of observation used to test
hypotheses about phenomena
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