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This is a distinction level project proposal on the chemistry topic rates of reactions. Please use this as a guide in your final project.
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Project ProposalAbstract:
The purpose of the experiment discussed in this project is to determine how is the temperature
affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
The purpose of the project proposal is to review literature on the topic. The project proposal will
analyse the sources, their accuracy and reliability, date, author, publication date, aims and purposes.
When reactants are turned into products, the rate of reaction, also known as the reaction rate,
measures how quickly this transformation occurs. We know that the pace at which chemical
reactions occur changes greatly when we talk about them. It can take some time for chemical
reactions to achieve equilibrium, however some are very immediate, and others take longer.
Temperature has the primary effect on reaction rates by increasing the number of particles whose
collisions have energies equal to or higher than the activation energy.
Introduction
What is the rate of reaction? Reaction rate, in chemistry, is the speed at which a chemical reaction
proceeds. A unit of time is usually expressed in terms of the amount of a reactant that is consumed
(per unit volume) or the amount of a product that is formed in a unit of time. Alternative definitions
include determining the number of reactants consumed or products formed in a unit of time. A
chemical reaction can proceed at quite different speeds depending on factors such as the type of
chemical transformation, the temperature, and others. When atoms or ions (electrically charged
particles) unite, covalent bonds (bonds where atoms share electrons) are destroyed far more slowly.
The rate of a reaction is affected by temperature, pressure, and the number of reactants involved in
the reaction. Because the reactants are depleted over time, reactions normally slow down. A
catalyst, which is a substance that is not itself a reactant, can speed up a reaction in some instances.
The proportionality constant in the equation that expresses the link between the rate of a chemical
reaction and the concentrations of the reacting components is called the rate constant, or specific
rate constant. The science of analysing reactions and measuring their occurrence is called chemical
kinetics.
The author of this source is Keith J. Ladder, she is a Professor of Chemistry, University of Ottawa,
Ontario and the author of The World of Physical Chemistry., this proves that the source is reliable
and accurate as the author is safe, also because this article is from a journal, this meant that is has
been peer reviewed which makes it more reliable. The article has been posted on 20 Jul. 1998, but it
has been updated lastly in 2020 by Melissa Petruzzello. The article has been modified by Erik
Gregersen, Gloria Lotha, Deepti Mahajan, Melissa Petruzzello, Surabhi Sinha and The Editors of
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. In a high-temperature environment, molecules
move more quickly and react more rapidly. Therefore, higher temperatures cause molecules to
move faster, and higher temperatures cause reactions to happen quicker. When different reactants
are mixed, their paths do not cross much besides each other and if they encounter an external force,
they tend to stay in motion. Molecules are more likely to collide as the temperature rises.
Temperature has a significant impact on response rate, but it does so in a predictable way.
,The information above explains how the temperature affects the rate of a chemical reaction, the
source has been updated March 08, 2020, By Kevin Beck and reviewed by: Lana Bandoim, B.S. and
therefore it is reliable as it is not out of date yet, and it also has been peer reviewed. Kevin Beck
earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the University of Vermont. He has previously
worked at ScienceBlogs.com and edited a running magazine, "Run Strong," as well as writing for
Runner's World, Men's Fitness, Competitor, and other publications. The article is accurate as the
information presented is backed up by science. The article has four sources included.
Collision Theory. When particles collide, reactions occur. As particles move faster and collide more
frequently, reaction rates increase. Collisions result only when particles collide with enough energy
to start a reaction. This energy needed is named the activation energy. The molecules still won't
react unless they collide with a certain minimum energy called the activation energy (Ea). If the
particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, nothing important happens. They
bounce apart. You can show this on an energy profile for the reaction. The activation energy serves
as a barrier to the reaction. Only collisions with energies equal to or greater than the activation
energy will result in a reaction. It is obvious that some bonds must be broken before new ones can
be formed, since chemical reactions result in bond breaking (consuming energy) and bond formation
(releasing energy). Breaking some of the initial bonds requires activation energy. There isn't enough
energy available to initiate the bond-breaking process when collisions are mild, therefore the atoms
do not interact.
The article presented in this source is written by Jim Clark in 2002 (last modified October 2018), as
the article has been modified in 2018 it is still deemed to be valid and reliable as it is not out of date.
Jim Clark graduated from Cambridge University and has been teaching at this level for more than 30
years. He was the Head of Chemistry at Truro School in Cornwall, then the Head of Science. Since
1997, he has authored books for Longman, including Calculations in AS/A Level Chemistry
(September 2000), Longman GCSE Chemistry (May 2002), and joint author (with Ray Oliver) of
Longman Chemistry for CXC (published January 2004). Longman Chemistry for CSEC is the second
edition, written by Ray Oliver who previously wrote Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry published in June 2009.
This version is for the syllabus that was first examined in 2011. This link will take you to support
pages for the book in another part of Chem guide, etc. Considering this data, the information
presented in this source is accurate, reliable, and valid.
Literature review:
Factors affecting Reaction Rate
Abstract on temperature on reaction rate:
The literature review will investigate the effect of temperature of the rate of a chemical reaction
based on three diverse types of methods. The accuracy and reliability of the methods will be
evaluated, and the results will have a comment on their accuracy as well. The results combined with
the analysis will explain the original hypothesis.
Introduction:
The average kinetic energy of molecules in motion is affected by temperature.
, For a chemical reaction to occur, reactants must move quickly enough and hit each other hard
enough. The average speed of the reactant molecules increases as the temperature rises. The
number of molecules moving fast enough to react increases as more molecules move faster,
resulting in faster product formation.
As the temperature rises, more molecules collide with each other at the atomic level. In contrast, the
change in reaction rate with temperature is not solely influenced by temperature. Increases in
temperature have a predictable impact on reaction rate constants. (written k).
The aim of this investigation is to review three different experiments conducted in various literature.
The purpose of the first experiment is to determine how the temperature of the water (cold, warm,
and hot) impacts the rate at which an Alka Seltzer tablet dissolves.
The purpose of the second experiment is to determine if the temperature of water affects the glows-
stick’s brightness.
The purpose of the third experiment is to determine the time it takes for the reaction to occur
depending on the temperature used.
Hypothesis presented in the literature:
If the rate of reaction is related to the temperature of the water, the warmer the water is, the faster
the rate of reaction will be.
The warm glow stick will be brighter than the cold one.
Finding the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction using HCl and Na₂S₂O₃.
3 Methods used in literature:
In method 1
Tap water was chilled and the Alka Seltzer tablet was dropped into dissolve, and the time was taken.
The beaker was emptied, and the boiling water was used to dissolve Alka Seltzer tablet, and the time
was recorded. Everything that happened throughout this experiment was documented. The
approach seems to be a viable one, and it takes less equipment than the two others.
In method 2
Glow-sticks were used, two glow-sticks were kept in cold and hot water before being activated, the
results showed that the glow-stick kept in hot water was brighter which means that the reaction
happened faster.
In method 3
HCL and Na₂S₂O₃ was used, the method asks to draw an X on 2 sheets of paper, recording the time it
takes how long it takes for hot and water with the chemicals to make the X to disappear.
The experiments are completely different themselves.
Method 1
Alka seltzer tablets used to see how long it would take for them to dissolve in cold water and in hot
water.
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