Syllabus of all lectures to be used at the exam. This syllabus consists of text explaining all concepts and images from the lecture slides, covering all important information without exceeding the page limit. Including the lab BRC.
,Table of Contents
Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction to endocrinology ............................................................................................................ 5
2. Mechanisms of hormone action ......................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Membrane receptors .................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 G-protein coupled receptors.................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Tyrosine kinases ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Intracellular receptors................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Pathologies.................................................................................................................................... 8
3. The hypothalamus-pituitary axis ........................................................................................................ 9
3.1 Histology of the pituitary .............................................................................................................. 9
3.2 The pituitary ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.3 The hypothalamus ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Hypothalamus-pituitary axis ....................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Pathologies.................................................................................................................................. 11
4. Endocrinology of the adrenal gland .................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Histology of the adrenal gland .................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Gluco- and mineralocorticoids .................................................................................................... 12
4.3 The stress axis ............................................................................................................................. 13
4.4 Pathologies.................................................................................................................................. 14
5. Steroids of the adrenal cortex 5.1 RAAS ........................................................................................... 17
5.2 Pathologies.................................................................................................................................. 17
6. Catecholamines of the adrenal medulla ........................................................................................... 19
6.1 Catecholamines ........................................................................................................................... 19
6.2 Pathologies.................................................................................................................................. 20
7. Female endocrinology....................................................................................................................... 21
7.1 Histology of the ovary ................................................................................................................. 21
7.2 The HPG-axis ............................................................................................................................... 22
7.3 Cycle irregularities....................................................................................................................... 23
7.4 Contraception ............................................................................................................................. 23
7.5 Fertility ........................................................................................................................................ 23
8. Male endocrinology .......................................................................................................................... 25
8.1 Histology of the testis ................................................................................................................. 25
8.2 The HPG-axis ............................................................................................................................... 26
8.3 Fertility ........................................................................................................................................ 27
1
,9. The thyroid gland and thyroid hormones ......................................................................................... 28
9.1 Histology of the thyroid gland .................................................................................................... 28
9.2 The HPT-axis ................................................................................................................................ 28
9.3 Pathologies.................................................................................................................................. 31
10. Calcitropic hormones and osteoporosis ......................................................................................... 32
10.1 Endocrine calcium regulation ................................................................................................... 32
10.2 Calcitropic hormones and bone physiology .............................................................................. 33
10.3 Pathologies................................................................................................................................ 34
11. Endocrinology of the pancreas ....................................................................................................... 36
11.1 Histology of the pancreas ......................................................................................................... 36
11.2 The endocrine pancreas ............................................................................................................ 36
11.3 Pancreatic hormones ................................................................................................................ 37
11.4 Pathologies................................................................................................................................ 38
12. Endocrinology of the digestive tract ............................................................................................... 40
12.1 The gastrointestinal tract .......................................................................................................... 40
12.2 The gastrointestinal hormones ................................................................................................. 40
12.3 Pathologies................................................................................................................................ 42
13. Leptin and obesity ........................................................................................................................... 43
13.1 Obesity ...................................................................................................................................... 43
13.2 Energy homeostasis theories .................................................................................................... 43
13.3 Peripheral regulation of food intake and body mass ............................................................... 43
13.4 Central regulation of body mass ............................................................................................... 44
14. Growth hormone ............................................................................................................................ 46
14.1 Growth ...................................................................................................................................... 46
14.2 The growth-hormone system ................................................................................................... 46
14.3 Pathologies................................................................................................................................ 47
14.4 Ghrelin....................................................................................................................................... 47
15. Hormones and tumors .................................................................................................................... 48
Appendix I. BRC of lab class .................................................................................................................. 50
Appendix II. Poster of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix III. Consensus poster of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix IV. Peer feedback received ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix V. Peer feedback provided....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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