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Unit 12 Part C Treatments for infectious disease
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P4.HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that could destroy cells that are found in the immune system and may
weakens the ability to fight to infections and disease. AIDs called acquired immune deficiency syndrome represent
the name to describe the number of illness and infections happen when the immune system is damaged by the HIV.
AIDS is not transmissible from one individual to another, but the Human immunodeficiency virus is transmissible.
The HIV is a member of retrovirus that potentially cause agent of AIDS .
Causes
The main cause of getting HIV is you get contact with infected blood, vaginal fluid or semen. HIV is not transmitted
by sweat, saliva or urine but it can be transmitted by syringes and sharing needles or transmission during pregnancy,
breastfeeding and birth.
Treatment
There is no cure for HIV/AIDS and once you are diagnosed you cannot get rid of the virus, but there is medication
that could control HIV. The treatment for HIV involves taking medicine for HIV that can reduce the amount of virus in
the patient body, for example, ART (antiretroviral therapy. CD4 cells multiply spread through the body. HIV have
seven stages: binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, assembly and budding. ART is a
combination of 2 or more meds from different drug classes. This helps to lowering the amount of HIV that is found in
the bloodstream. Moreover, ART has many medications that could combine HIV meds in just one pill taken one per
day. The treatment will be delivered orally. Each drug may trap the virus in different ways.
Symptoms
People with this virus can have a flu illness for two or six weeks after HIV infection which can last up to one week.
HIV can attack the CD4 T lymphocyte. There are WBC that play an important function in protecting the human body
from a serious illness or infection. Possible symptoms may include headache, diarrhoea, weight loss, cough,
swollen lymph glands (neck), fever.
Reference: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/staying-in-hiv-care/hiv-treatment/hiv-treatment-overview
Meningitis
Meningitis is an infection of the membranes that protect the brain and the spinal cord (meninges). Meningitis
inflammation often produces signs or symptoms such as headache, fever, and stiff neck. Acute bacterial meningitis is
caused by the bacterium that enter the bloodstream and move to the brain and spinal cord. However, it can also
, occur when microorganisms directly penetrate the meninges. This might have been due to an ear or sinus infection,
a skull fracture, or, in rare instances, operation.
Causes
The preponderance of instances of meningitis in the U. S. are caused by a viral infection, while additional reasons
included bacterial, parasitic, and fungal illnesses. Some instances of meningitis recover within few weeks without
treatment. Others are potentially lethal and need rapid antibiotic therapy. Bacterial meningitis is harmful and can be
devastating in a matter of days if it is not treated promptly with medicines. Delaying treatment increases the
likelihood of lifelong serious injury or death.
Symptoms
Early signs and symptoms meningitis may resemble with that of the flu (influenza). Symptoms may occur over a few
hours to several days. Here are some few examples: High fever that comes abruptly, strained neck
Severe headache which does not appear to be normal, Headache exacerbated with nausea or vomiting, Perplexity or
difficulty focusing, seizures, lethargy or difficulty waking up, light hypersensitivity
Treatment
Acute bacterial meningitis needs immediate intervention with intravenous antibiotics and, in only certain cases,
corticosteroids. This improves healing and decreases the chance of consequences such as bleeding in the brain and
epilepsy. The drug or combination of antibiotics used is defined by the type of bacteria that is causing the infection.
Your doctor may recommend a broad-spectrum medication until the cause of the meningitis is identified.
Meningitis is generally treated with a class of antibiotics classified as cephalosporins, especially Claforan (cefotaxime)
and Rocephin (ceftriaxone). Various penicillin-type antibiotics, and also aminoglycoside compounds like gentamicin.
Among treatments are antibiotics given directly into a vein fluids supplied directly into a vein to prevent dehydration
oxygen given via a face mask if breathing issues exist in some cases, steroid medication is being used to help lessen
swelling near the brain.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508
Examine how and why different treatment work and why in some instances, they might not work
The quantity of drug in the body is determined by both the dose as well as the volume of an
individual's body fluids. Trying to give the same drug dose to a smaller person may lead to a higher
blood concentration than offering the same drug dose to a larger person. Therefore, many drugs are
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