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Summary Btec applied science unit 1 and 5 notes
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Summary of 18 pages for the course Unit 5 - Principles and Applications of Science at PEARSON (Summarised notes)
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Prokaryotic & EukaryoticCells
Structures and Functions Capsule Cell Wall
Pilus
Plasma Membrane
&
Cell wall containing peptidoglycan
&
Plasmids - small strands of DNA Nucleoid (DNA)
⑧
May contain genes for antibiotic Cytoplasm
resistance
or
Circular DNA, no associated proteins,
no nucleus Ribosomes
O
Capsule - prevents phagocytosis Flagellum
⑧
Flagella - for movement
⑧
70S Ribosomes Structures and Functions
⑧
Cell membrane Nucleus - contains protein-bound,
⑧
·O
Much smaller than eukaryotic cells linear DNA
D
No membrane-bound organelles 80S Ribosomes - protein synthesis
D
Cell wall (plants, algae, fungi) -
de
mechanical strength
Ribosomes Cell membrane - regulates passage
poe
Golgi Apparatus of substances into cells
Cytoplasm Lysosomes - removes bacteria and
e
Rough ER Mitochondria
Smooth ER Lysosome dead cells/material
Nucleolus Mitochondria - site of respiration
⑧
Nucleus Vacuole Vacuole(plants) - sugars and
⑧
amino acids
Chloroplasts (plants and algae) - for
DDB
.
photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus and vesicles -
o
Cell wall is made of cellulose modifies and transports molecules
Rough endoplasmic reticulum -
of
protein synthesis and transport
, Red Blood Cells
Structure &
Function:
haemoglobin that carries oxygen
lacks nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
small and flexible so can squeeze along narrow capillaries
biconcave shape that gives large surface area to volume ratio
Structure &
Function
·
Produced in the BONE MARROW
Red blood cells have cytoplasm with a
No nucleus - therefore limited
lifespan of 3 weeks. This is to large amount of haemoglobin
make space for additional ·
HAEMOGOBIN The shape of a red blood cell gives a
Haemoglobin - quarternary large surface area to pass oxygen
protein containing haem through
prosthetic groups which CARRY
OXYGEN
Flexible membranes - allow them
to move through narrow
capillaries
Biconcave - this increases the
surface area:volume ratio so
that they can increase diusion .
of O2 into the cell to be carried
by the haemoglobin
, ·
Sperm Cells
·he
is ·
Acrosome
Function:
Nucleus
- Acrosome - contains HYDROLYTIC Head
ENZYMES DNA
called acrosine, which dissolves the
zona pellucida (see ovum), allowing Mid-piece
the sperm to penetrate the egg’s
membrane. Mitochondria
- Nucleus - HAPLOID: contains Tail
HALF the chromosomes needed
for an entire organism - 1 copy
of each chromosome (23
chromosomes) Flagellum
Midpiece
- contain MITOCHONDRIA - high
energy demand for movement of
the sperm tail. Mitochondria = site of
AEROBIC RESPIRATION therefore
release ATP to allow the tail to move
Tail / Undulopodium
- made of protein fibers that
contract on alternative sides, giving
a characteristic wavelike
movement
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