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Summary of Cell Biology, IB BIOLOGY SL
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Complete summary of Cell Biology (Topic 1) IB HL Biology
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Chapter 1Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells All cells come from preexisting cells Cells are the smallest unit of life
Atypical Cells
Striated Muscle Cells: multinucleated Giant Algae (Acetabularia): single celled Aseptate Fungal Hyphae: multinucleated
Measurements
cm - mm = /10 mm - μm = /1000 μm - nm = /1000 M=IxA
mm - cm = x10 μm - mm = x1000 nm - μm = x1000 MIA
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Cell grows = Surface Area to Volume Ratio decreases Cell shrinks = Surface Area to Volume Ratio increases
Unicellular Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Unicellular Fungi/Algae Chlamydomonas: autotroph, has flagella, algae Paramecium: heterotroph, has cilia, in aquatic
Single Cell can carry out all 7 functions of life (photosynthesis) environments
Multicellular Life
Emergent Properties: the sum is greater than the whole Human Genome: 21000 genes, present in every cell but not always
* the whole organism is capable of more than individual cells active
Stem Cells (Treating Diseases)
Undifferentiated Totipotent: Pluripotent: Multipotent: Unipotent: Stargardt's Leukemia: high #
cells in differentiate into differentiate into differentiate into differentiate into Disease (retina): of white blood
multicellular any cell, can give every body cell, few closely associated cell Recessive genetic cells,
organisms can rise to an entire can’t give rise to related cells type mutation causing Chemotherapy
divide indefinitely organism entire organism protein cells to and transplanting
malfunction. stem cells into
Stem cells injected bone marrow
into retina (they differentiate
into healthy white
blood cells)
Fluid Mosaic Model
Membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers (2 Structure: triglyceride (one fatty acid is replaced by Amphipathic Molecule: hydro -philic and -
layers of phospholipids) with proteins a phosphate) phobic parts
embedded in them Phosphate head = hydrophilic (outwards facing)
Fatty Acid/Tails = hydrophobic (inwards facing)
Membrane Proteins
Integral: Peripheral: Channel: Carrier/ Recognition: Receptors: on Enzymes: Glycolipids: Freeze
amphipathic, hydrophobic, pore, Pump(use Differentiation entire enhance (phospholipid Fracture
pass through attached to allowing energy): between self membrane with rate of and confirmed the
the the outside of passive change and nonself transferring reaction carbohydrate) membrane
membrane membrane transport shape to cells information maintain structure
transport structure
materials
Cholesterol
- Steroid found in animal cell membranes, maintains structure
- From food and own production
- Synthesizes sex hormones
- Ensures peripheral proteins are attached to membrane
- At lower temperatures it prevents solidification
Davson-Danielli Model
(DISPROVEN): Lipid bilayer is sandwiched between Assumed all membranes had an Proteins are amphipathic, it is improbable that they are
two proteins (seen through colors on a microscope) identical structure found in contact with aqueous environments
Passive Transport
Diffusion: the movement of Simple Diffusion: in liquid or Facilitated Diffusion: Similarities:
particles from a region of high gasses, big particles don’t requires channel or carrier Affected by temperature (higher temperature
concentration to a region of low pass through, slow process proteins (they determine more diffusion)
concentration down a what passes), faster Surface Area of membrane (bigger surface area
concentration gradient process more diffusion)
Thickness of membrane
Size of particles
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