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Samenvatting Rosenwein: A Short History of the Middle Ages
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Schematische samenvatting in het Engels
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All weekly questions and practice questions for Introduction to the History of the Middle Ages (GE1V16004)
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Samenvatting RosenweinChapter 1
The provincialization of the Empire (c.250-350)
A new religion
- Christianity
- A new doctrine
o Arianisme
o Church fathers
The Sources of God’s Grace
- Importance of the masses
- Models of Christian virtue
Art from the Provinces to the Centre
The Barbarians
- People who spoke Germanic languages
- Franks
- Goths
o Visigoths (Spain)
o Ostrogoths (Italy)
- Huns (East)
,The New Order
- Decay of cities > rise of barbarian kingdoms
- Continuation Byzantine Empire in the east
- Theodosian adopting Christendom
The Ruralisation of the West
- Divergent religious beliefs
- Adopting Roman institutions
- Disappearance urban middle class
- Monasteries becoming important landowners
Retrenchment in the East
- Theodosian code
- Justinian
- Focus on the East (Sassanids)
The Emerge of Sibling Cultures (c.600-c.750)
- Byzantine empire
- European
- Islamic
Saving Byzantium
- War with Sassanids then Arabs
Sources of Resiliency
- Strategiai (army) lead by strategoi (generals)
Invasions and Their Consequences
- Sassanids of Persia – 630 -> everything back to Byzantine Empire
- Slavs into Balkan
Decline of Urban Centres
- Greco-Roman culture fading away
- Ephesus
,Ruralisation
- Peasants free or semi-free
- Rural hinterlands controlled by the emperor
Iconoclasm
- God was angry
- Churchmen worried about losing control
The Rise of the “Best Community” Islam
- Submission to God
The Shaping of Islam
- “One Community”
- Sedentary -> military power expanding
- Mohammed
- 622 is year 1 (Mecca to Medina)
Out of Arabia
- Formidable fighters
- Weak enemies
- No forced conversion
- Conquest through diplomacy – not battles
- Well organised caliphate
- Heavy tax for Christians and Jews to practice their religion
- Muslims are minority in Islamic conquest
The Culture of the Umayyads
- Muhammad’s successors
- Caliphs
o Abu-Bakr
o Umar
o Uthman -> murdered -> civil war
Umayyad’s
Ali’s faction -> Ali murdered
Followers of Ali -> Shi’ites
- Damascus is new capital
o Adopting existing cultural elements and institutions
o Employing former Byzantine officials
- Arabic is new official language
, The making of Western Europe
- Lacking identity and cohesion
Impoverishments and Its Variations
- Francia (was Gaul)
- Spain (was Visigoths), after 715 Muslims
- Italy -> divided by Pope, Lombards and Byzantines
- British Isles -> ¾ Celtic – ¼ Germanic (Anglo-Saxon)
Politics and Culture
- Francia
o Around 700 becoming 1 kingdom
Line of Clovis – the Merovingians
A lot of alliances with lay aristocrats
Role of women important
o Jews lived amongst the Christians
- The British Isles
o Germanics influenced locals and vice versa
o Remained Christian
St. Patrick
Decentralised and local
Augustine became archbishop of Canterbury
No easy conversion to Roman Christianity
o Language of the people was used everywhere (Old-English)
- The South: Spain and Italy
o Spain
Conversion to catholic
Big Roman inheritance
No stable dynasty -> Muslim takeover
Berbers and Arabs
o Italy
No united front
Surviving of Roman institutions
The pope
Ambiguous position (dubbelzinnigheid)
o Secular power
o Spiritual leadership
Greatest landowner in Italy
- Byzantium
o Losing authority
o Gap between Rome and Byzantium widened
War against Muslims -> tax on papal property
Iconoclasm
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