This aesthetic, in-depth, neatly typed document summarises Section D of the IEB Grade 12 Chemistry syllabus: Chemical Equilibrium. This document includes the full Section D syllabus, all definitions, additional class notes, own research notes and all relevant diagrams.
• If energy is a product (on the right), reaction is exothermic (reverse reaction is endothermic)
• Add H2O then forward reaction favoured
¡
• Add Cl then reverse reaction favoured
exo
• Add heat: then reverse reaction favoured (because reverse reaction is endothermic)
endo
exo
• Remove heat: endo then forward reaction favoured (because forward reaction is exothermic)
, Le Chatelier's Principle: When an external stress (change in pressure, temperature or concentration)
is applied to a system in chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium point will change in such a way to
counteract the stress.
Factors that a ect chemical equilibrium:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Concentration
Equilibrium constant:
Kc (no unit)
tconcentration
• Solids do not appear in Kc (phase solid)
• Solvents do not appear in Kc (phase liquid)
eg.
¡
N H3(g) + H2O(l) « N H4+(aq) + OH(aq)
!
!
must be closed Don't include in
container due to Kc (liquid)
NH3 (gas)
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