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Collin College BIOL 1408 Unit 8 Enzymes Packet
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- BIOL 1408
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- Collin College
Collin College BIOL 1408 Unit 8 Enzymes Packet
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Unit 8Enzymes
This lab uses the following hazardous chemicals:
I. EDTA
As a result students are required to wear, at minimum, Goggles & Gloves.
Abstract
Lactose intolerance is a condition that affects millions of individuals. It is a condition
that prevents an individual from metabolizing (breaking down) lactose. Lactose is a
disaccharide that is composed of the monomers beta-D-galactose and beta-D-glucose.
Lactase is an enzyme that is found in the small intestine, liver, and kidney of mammals.
In the presence of lactase, lactose is cleaved and reduced to its subunits D-galactose
and D-glucose, monosaccharides that can eventually be utilized as a source of energy
in cells.
Pharmaceutical advancements have resulted in the production of enzymatic
supplements for people who have lactose intolerance. As their name implies, these
solutions supplement, or provide, the enzyme to the individual who lacks it. In today’s
experiment you will be using a solution of lactase to test the chemical and
physiological properties of this particular enzyme. Furthermore, based on the results
you obtain throughout the lab, you will attempt to determine if the lactase used was
extracted from human cells or bacterial cells.
General Enzymatic Terms:
Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst, lowering the activation energy needed for
reactions to progress in cells. The reaction can still occur without the presence of the
enzyme, but at a much slower rate.
Activation Energy: The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to
occur, yielding products from a given set of reactants.
Substrate(s): The reactant(s) of the reaction that is/are bound by the enzyme
Active Site: A region of the enzyme where binding to substrate occurs. This site is
flexible, and can reform to assist with the catalysis of the reaction of the substrates. Once
the substrates have formed product(s) and have become unbound, the active site can
return to its original shape.
105
, Figure
1.
The
metabolism
of
lactose
into
galactose
and
glucose
is
facilitated
by
lactase.
8.1 The Effect of Temperature on Enzymatic Activity
Introduction:
The activity of every enzyme can be affected by alterations to its environment. In the
following experiment you will test the effects that changes in temperature have on
lactase. At extremely low temperatures, molecules move so slowly that reaction rates can
be hampered even though the enzyme is still properly folded and active. At extremely
high temperatures, bonds and interactions that exist between the amino acid side chains
(R groups) in an enzyme become disrupted. The result is that the enzyme is incapable of
maintaining its shape, and therefore unfolds, becoming inactive. This process of forcing a
protein to lose is structure, and in most cases its functionality, is called protein
denaturation.
Although temperature can have negative effects on enzymatic activity, there is a specific
temperature where the enzyme is most effective at catalyzing its specific reaction and its
enzymatic activity is maximized. This temperature is known as the optimal temperature.
Think about where and when lactose metabolism occurs in humans. You may need to do
some internet research to determine this! Using this knowledge, write up the following
hypothesis regarding the effect of temperature on the lactase reaction.
Hypotheses
Based on what I know about the effect of temperature on the enzymatic
activity of lactase, if the lactase used in today’s lab was extracted from
human cells, I hypothesize that ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
106
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