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Summary Biology Form 4 KSSM Chapter 11 IMMUNITY IN HUMANS
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1)Definition of immunity, antigen, andantibodies
2)First, second, third lines of defence in a
human body
3)Antibody action on antigen
CHAPTER 11 4)Active and passive immunities
5)Health issues related to human immunity
IMMUNITY IN
HUMANS
, Chapter 11 Immunity in Humans
11.1 Body Defence
Body defence system react when pathogen infect the body
Pathogen: microorganism causes diseases
-ex: bacteria (singular: bacterium)
Antigens: foreign particles that enter the body and subsequently stimulate the immune response
Antibodies: proteins //found on the lymphocytes surface/released by lymphocytes into blood
plasma
Immune response: interaction between antibodies and cause antigens to be destroy
Immunity: the body ability to fight infections caused pathogen or other foreign objects, through
specific attacks on the pathogens
Three line of defence to fight against disease in our body:
1) First line of defence
-Lysozyme
~found in secretion of tears, nasal mucus, saliva
antimicrobial protein (dissolve and destroy some types of bacteria)
-Mucous membrane
~lines on the respiratory tract
mucus secreted (contains lysozyme that destroys bacteria found in the air that enters the
respiratory system
-Mechanism of blood clotting
~prevent bacteria from entering through wounds (injury involving an external or internal break in
body tissue)
-Hydrochloric acid
~in stomach (destroys bacteria present in food and drinks)
-Skin
~physical defence
tough and difficult for microorganism to penetrates (prevents the entry of pathogens)
~continuous shedding of dead cell layers on the skin surface (makes it difficult for various
microorganism to grow)
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