BIOL 122 Anatomy and Tissue structure full lecture notes
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Course
BIOL122 Anatomy and Tissue Structure
Institution
Lancaster University (LU)
Lecture notes from module BIOL 122, covering all 12 lectures, including pictures and diagrams. The notes are written in bullet point form so are easy to read and include all relevant information from the lectures given.
Lecture 1 Body systems and major organs
Lecture 2 & 3 Tissue types and stru...
Lecture 1 Body systems and major organs
Integumentary system
• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
• Protection, temperature regulation, waste elimination
• Helps make vitamin D
• Detects sensations
Skeletal system
• Bones, joints, cartilage
• Support and protection, muscle attachments, houses cells that produce blood cells (redd
bone marrow), stores mineral lipids
Muscular system
• Skeletal muscle
• Enables movement, stabilises body position, generates heat
Cardiovascular system
• Blood, heart, blood vessels
• Transport of substances, regulation, temperature regulation, water content regulation,
defence against disease, repair of tissues
Lymphatic and immune system
• Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, bone
marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils
• Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract
to blood, protects against disease and cancer
Endocrine system
• Hormone producing glands: hypothalamus, pituitary gland,
thymus, thyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes
• Co-ordinating body functions, releases hormones from glands to
have an effect on target organs
Nervous system
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
, • Generate nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects stimuli and responds to them,
initiates muscles contraction or glands
Respiratory system
• Lungs and air passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli
• Gaseous exchange
• Regulates acid-base balance of body fluids
• Enables sound production when air passes through vocal cords
Digestive system
• Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, gall
bladder, liver, pancreas
• Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates soldi waste
Urinary system
• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Produce, store, and eliminate urine, eliminated metabolic wastes, regulates volume and
chemical composition of blood, helps to maintain the acid-base balance of the body fluids,
regulates production of ed blood cells.
Reproductive system
• Ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vagina
• Testes epididymus, vas deferents, penis
• Gamete production, hormone release, regulate reproduction and associated body changes
during puberty
Types of cell junctions
• Tight
• Adherens
• Desmosome
• Hemidesmosome
• Gap
, Nervous tissue
1. Neurons – generate and conduct nerve impulses
• Cell body – nucleus and other organelles
• Dendrites – receive signals
• Axon – conduction over long distance
2. Neuroglia – non-conducting; insulate, support, and protect neurons
Muscle tissue
1. Skeletal
• Long cylindrical cells containing many peripheral nuclei
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