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edexcel igcse double science chemistry summary notes
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notes for topics 1-3 for chemistry (double science) Edexcel IGCSE
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SATES T MATTERAll substances can
change state
eg
.
Water
lliquid) can
change to ice (solid)
It's
particles Don't
change but their
Arrangement changes .
heating A
graph that shows
change from solid liquid gas
-
curve a
-
-
shows
cooling curve A
graph that a
change from gas liquid solid
- -
-
souls
t~gn.ae#u
⑦④←i
0000 Freezing
,
00
sñi"
0
i_-
Energy Decrease
Different materials melt at different temperatures because of
the bond between the particles
with
substances
high melting points have
strong forces of attraction between particles
substances with between
low
melting points have weak forces of attraction particles
, SATES T MATTER
Particles by directions
colliding
with each other and all
bouncing
mix in
off .
Liquid and
gas particles will move
from area
of high concentration to low concentration
( concentration
gradient
bases diffuse faster compared to
liquid because
particles move much
faster
gas
than liquid particles .
The tendency of molecules to move to areas of lower concentration until the concentration
Uniform is even
throughout .
EEoi%Bd-1-E-417.ba
, solubility
Soluble A -
substance that can dissolve in a solvent
Solute solid
-
that dissolves in a solvent: to make a solution
Solution Mixture
-
made when a solute dissolves in a solvent
Solvent
Liquid in which solid dissolves to make solution
-
a a
Saturated solution When .
no more solute can dissolve in the solution
A solid (solute) does not
disappear when it dissolves to from a solution
solute + solvent =
Solution
In a solution the .
particles from the solute are no
longer closely packed together They
. are
evenly spread
out between the the solvent
particles of .
Concentration tells how measured ( decimeter cubed )
us much solute is dissolved and is in
grim grams per
Dilute solutions Concentration Solutions
small
per
quantity of
unit volume of
solute
solution
large unit Volume
quantity of
Of
solute
solution
per
☒
•
.
- .
Solute
e
.
I
" -
.
②
solvent
.
.
.
.
I
.
, An element is a
pure substance made of only 1
type of
atom
☐
A compound substance made elements
that are
is
chemically
a
pure
combined ed
of 2 or more
☐
Compounds can be spearated chemically
A mixture is a combination Of 2 Or more substances that are not
☐
chemically combined
An atom is the smallest
particle of an element
When atoms of the same element
join together __ molecule of an element ( of
When different compound IH20)
atoms of elements
join together = molecule
of a
Diatomic elements hate to be alone they aren't found atoms
as
single
-
Instead they're always two the
atoms of same
pure element bonded
together
There diatomic elements
are
only 7 .
Hydrogen Nitrogen
.
,
fluorine .
Oxygen and chlorine
compounds vs Mixtures
A mixture contains different substances that are not chemically bonded
together .
Substances
distillation
can be separated quite easily using separation techniques eg filtration
.
,
compounds are formed by the chemical combination of 2 Or more elements
in
fixed proportions and cannot be
easily separated
criteria for Purity
""""""
pure
Not
properties-D-iitee.int Pure water melts at 0°C and boils at 100°C
fixed Exact Not When
Boiling Melting
and
Impure :
point decreases father ,
boiling point increases
fHigh
Exact and
Melting
Not
fixed
point
fixed ( lower )
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