Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Applied Science
Unit 9: Human Regulation and Reproduction
C: Understand the role of hormones in the regulation and control of
the reproductive system.
Contains:
D3: Evaluate how conception may be prevented and promoted
M3: Explain how the ...
pearson btec level 3 national extended diploma in applied science
c understand the role of hormones in the regulation and control of the reproductive system
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BTEC
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Applied Science 2016 NQF
Unit 9 - Human Regulation and Reproduction
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Unit 9: Human Regulation and Reproduction
C: Understand the role of hormones in the regulation and control of the reproductive
system
P3: Describe the structure and function of reproductive anatomy
Structure and function of reproductive system
Female reproductive system
Ovary
The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are
located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries
produce eggs and hormones.
Fallopian tube (oviduct)
It is the passageway through which the ovum passes
from the ovary to the uterine cavity. The oviducts
are part of the genital tract.
They have a wall of smooth muscle, an inner
mucosal lining and an outer layer of loose
supporting tissue (serosa).
The lumen has a 'labyrinthine' appearance.
Uterus
The three main jobs of your uterus are:
- Pregnancy: Your uterus stretches to grow your baby during pregnancy. It can also
contract to help push your baby out of your vagina.
- Fertility: Your uterus is where a fertilised egg implants during conception and where
your baby grows.
- Menstrual cycle: Your uterine lining is where blood and tissue come from during
menstruation.
Horn
There are two uterine horns. Each is 2-3 feet in length in the non-pregnant sow. They act as
a passageway for sperm to reach the oviduct and are the site of foetal development
Fimbriae
Fimbriae are finger-like projections on the ends of your fallopian tubes closest to your
ovaries. Each month, your fimbriae catch the egg that one of your ovaries releases during
,ovulation. Your fimbriae then sweep the egg (ovum) into the fallopian tube where the egg
can be fertilised. Your fimbriae are just one small portion of your fallopian tubes, but they
play a significant role in conception.
Write the number of chromosomes
Endometrium
Is the inner lining of the uterus. It contains a rich blood supply and reacts to hormonal
changes every month, which results in menstruation. During pregnancy the lining of the
uterus doesn't shed but remains to nourish the unborn child. The endometrium is made up
of two layers:
- the functional layer is the superficial layer that is shed each month during
menstruation.
- The basal layer(basalis) this is a permanent layer that gives rise to regeneration of the
endometrium after each month.
Cervix
Producing cervical mucus during the most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, which helps
sperm travel from the vagina into the uterus. Opening during labor to allow the baby to pass
through the birth canal. Protecting the uterus from bacteria and other foreign objects
Vagina
The vagina is a muscular canal lined with nerves and mucus membranes. It connects the
uterus and cervix to the outside of the body, allowing for menstruation, intercourse, and
childbirth.
Vaginal opening
The vaginal opening, also called the vaginal vestibule or introitus, is the opening into the
vagina. It’s located between the urethra and the anus. The opening is where menstrual
blood leaves the body. It’s also used to birth a baby and for sexual intercourse.
Vaginal wall
The vaginal wall is made of muscle covered in a mucus membrane, similar to the tissue in
your mouth. The wall contains layers of tissue with many elastic fibers. The surface of the
wall also contains rugae, which are pleats of extra tissue that allow the vagina to expand
during sex or childbirth.
The tissues of the vaginal wall undergo hormone-related changes during the menstrual
cycle. The cells in the outer layer of the tissue store glycogen. During ovulation, this layer is
shed. The glycogen is broken down by bacteria and helps maintain a pH level to protect the
vagina against potentially harmful bacteria and fungi.
, Hymen
The hymen is a thin membrane that surrounds the opening to the vagina. Though hymens
can range in shape and size, most are shaped like a half-moon. This shape allows menstrual
blood to leave the vagina.
Labia
Their main function is to protect the vaginal and urethral openings from mechanical
irritation, dryness, and infections. They also contribute to the lubrication and sexual
stimulation of the vestibule and clitoris during vaginal intercourse.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system includes a group of
organs that make up a man’s reproductive and
urinary system.
Epidimys
A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to
each of the testicles (the male sex glands that
produce sperm). Sperm cells (male reproductive
cells) move from the testicles into the epididymis,
where they finish maturing and are stored.
Seminal vesicle
The seminal vesicles are located behind your
bladder but in front of your rectum. The tip of the vas deferens is near the vesicles. The
seminal vesicle is part of the reproductive system. The vesicles have both glandular tissue
and muscular tissue. The muscular tissue contracts to move seminal fluid and sperm into the
urethra and out through the penis.
Cowper’s gland
They can be found in the deep perineal pouch of the male. They are situated posterolaterally
to the membranous urethra and superiorly to the bulb of the penis.
The ducts of the gland penetrate the perineal membrane alongside the membranous
urethra and open into the proximal portion of the spongy urethra.
The glands themselves can be described as compound tubulo-alveolar glands lined by
columnar epithelium.
The function to lubricate the spongy urethra for the passage of the ejaculate. Due to the
alkaline pH of the excreted fluid, they also act to neutralise residual acidic urine that remains
in the spongy urethra. The gland is also responsible for the production of prostate specific
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