Summary Oxford University FHS revision notes: Curing Cancer
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Course
Genetics and Evolution
Institution
Oxford University (OX)
My Oxford University notes for the FHS exam in Genetics and Evolution. Useful for Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Human Sciences. I achieved a first and multiple academic prizes. Includes descriptions of concepts and key references/experiments.
How close are we to finding a cure?
Will we ever develop precision cancer medicines?
Current treatment
Novel agents that have been developed to tackle each landmark
1) Proapoptotic BH3 mimetics
2) EGFR inhibitors
3) Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
4) Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met
5) Telomerase inhibitors
6) Inhibitors of VEGF signalling
7) PARP inhibitors
8) Selective anti-inflammatory drugs
9) Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors
10) Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAB
Breast cancer treatment:
Screening
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Adjuvant therapy (additional treatment to maximise effectiveness of main treatment)
(chemotherapy/hormone treatment)
o Example of hormone treatment: tamoxifen
o Blocks oestrogen and has minimal side effects
o The reason that breast cancer survival has increased
Complexity
See notes on Complexity.
Unknowns
Missing heritability
Molecular basis of cancer esp. metastasis
Stem cells
Stem cells are cells that are required for the maintenance of high cell turnover tissues where cells
continually need to be replaced
They constitute a small population of relatively undifferentiated cells that express no
"differentiation" or specialisation markers of the tissue. They are slowly self-renewing with each cell
division producing an average of one stem cell and one what is called a transit-amplifying or
progenitor cell. This progenitor cell has limited proliferative potential, undergoing terminal
differentiation to form the functioning cells of the tissue required
This differentiation (or potential to become specialised) is guided by internal signals controlled by
genes/DNA within the cell and related signals such as chemicals secreted by other cells and physical
contact between cells also known as the microenvironment
Possibility (debated) of cancer stem cells:
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