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unit 21 medical physics
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DISTINCTION - BTEC Applied Science Unit 21LA A&B - Radiation use in medical diagnosis
and treatment.
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Unit 21 LA A&B Radiation use in medical diagnosis and treatment Name
How the principles and production of non-ionising radiation technologies are
used in medical applications:
Non-ionising radiation is the energy that is emitted as a wave. This energy has no charge and has
not enough energy to cause atoms to ionise.
The principles are that there are different technologies that can detect and emit waves, the
ultrasound waves are reflected by different types of material, focused light waves can emit energy
and in MRI, waves are absorbed by the atoms and the subatomic particles and then, energy is
emitted. Ultrasound, MRI, LASERs, IRT, etc are examples of types of non-ionising radiation used in
medicine.
Part A.P1
LASERs:
They stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is a device that produces
a highly concentrated beam of light that is only one colour and one frequency. They emit “coherent
light, which is the light of one wavelength that travels through and with its crests aligned” (Quia -
Chapter 13 - Light, 2021). Figure 01 and 02 shows how lasers are produced.
Principes: The chemicals used as a gain medium are:
● Neodymium-YAG: Used in dentistry to treat softer parts within a cavity of a tooth as the
enamel is not affected because the laser can be adjusted to reduce power levels.
● Yttrium (Y), Aluminium (Al) + Garnet (Ga): treatment of benign and malignant tumours in
bronchial and gastrointestinal areas. It can be sent through endoscopes to difficult parts of
the body.
● Carbon dioxide (CO2): sealing of blood vessels, reducing spread of cells with tumours, it is
also used in facial plastic surgery and sealing nerve endings. The beam can be narrowed
very precisely so, there should be no damage to the surrounding tissues.
● Argon (Ar): Is used in microsurgery, tattoo removal, treating of skin tumours, ophthalmology,
treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers and polyps.
Part A.P1
Production: Energy, such as electricity, photons, etc is induced into the gain medium, which can be
glass, crystal or gas. The atoms in the gain medium will absorb the energy and the electrons will
move from a low to high energy state and back again almost immediately. The energy that has
been absorbed by the electrons will be given off as a photon of light radiation (emission). Emitted
photons move at high speed inside the tube as the space inside the laser device is sealed. More
photons are produced if photons collide with another excited atom (stimulated emission) and light
has been ‘amplified’ because of this. “Then, some of the photons will bounce back and forth inside
the laser tube, while others will escape through the partially reflective mirror and produce a beam”
(Lecture Demonstrations, 2021) of light. “The gain medium is where emission of photons takes place,
leading to amplification” (Laser construction, 2021). The “total reflector is used either within a laser cavity
as rear mirrors or folding mirrors, or external to the laser as bending mirrors to deliver the
beam”(Total Reflector Mirror and Opto-Electronic, 2021). The excitation source provides energy needed for the
population inversion and stimulated emission of the “system and the partial reflector allows some
of the light to leave the cavity to produce the laser's output beam”(Laser construction, 2021).
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Unit 21 LA A&B Radiation use in medical diagnosis and treatment Name
Figure 01
Figure 02
Part A.P1
Uses: Can be used for cosmetic surgery, record and read music on CDs, store checkout lines, cut
and weld metal, surgery, medicine and measurement.
● LASEK- Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis is a laser surgery that removes a part of the
cornea to reshape it permanently for a better vision. “During the procedure, a surgeon will
create a precise corneal flap using a laser, then the surgeon pulls back the flap to expose
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