Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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Summary AQA A-level Sociology Book 2: Crime and deviance: Topic 8: Globalisation and crime A* revision notes A* revision notes
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Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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AS/A2 Level Sociology AQA Complete Revision & Practice
If you want to get an A* in sociology then these summarised revision notes are your step to success. This document contains detailed notes on GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE CRIMES Topic. All notes are summarised and will save you hours of time which can be used revising these no...
Topic 8- globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crimes
November 27, 2022
10
2022/2023
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aqa
a level
sociology
crime and deviance
topic 8
globalisation
green crime
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revision notes
human rights and state crimes
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Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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TOPIC 8- GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE CRIMES
Crime and Globalisation
● Held: globalisation:’ widening of the world’s interconnectedness’
The global criminal economy
● Held: been a globalisation of crime-> creates new opportunities for crime, new means of
committing crime and new offences -> spread of transnational organised crime.
● Castell: global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum. Forms:
● Arms trafficking/ terrorists.
● Trafficking in nuclear materials
● Smuggling of illegal immigrants, e.g. Chinese Triad make $2.5 billion annually.
● Trafficking of women/ children: 500k trafficked in western Europe annually
● Drugs trade: worth $300-400 billion annually
● Reason for transnational organised crime: demand for products West.
● BUT: global criminal economy not function without a supply side: provides drugs, sex
workers demanded in West
● Supply linked to globalisation process.
● E.g.Colombia: 20% of population depend on cocaine production/ cocaine outsells all exports
Global risk consciousness
● Globalisation -> mentality of ‘risk consciousness’ (risk is global)
● Knowledge about risks exaggerated by media
● Eg: immigration: media create moral panics about ‘threat’. Neg coverage -> hate crimes in
UK -> toughen border control regulations (fining airlines if bring undocumented passengers)
● Globalised risk-> increased attempts at international cooperation since 9/11 terrorist attack
Globalisation, capitalism and crime
● Taylor: globalisation -> greater inequality + rising crime due to market forces.
● Globalisation allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage
countries -> job insecurity.
, ● Deregulation -> gov have little control over own economies (creating jobs).
● Marketisation -> people see self as consumers: cost/ benefit analysis on actions -> low social
cohesion.
● -> insecurity/ inequalities + encourage people to turn to crime.
● Lack of legit jobs destroys self-respect -> unemployed look for illegitimate jobs
● Globalisation -> criminal opportunities for elite groups.
● Eg: deregulation of financial markets -> movement of funds around globe to avoid taxation.
● Globalisation -> new patterns of employment -> new opportunities for crime -> increased
use of subcontracting to recruit ‘flexible’ workers, often working illegally.
● Useful in linking global trends in capitalist economy to changes in pattern of crime.
● Does not adequately explain how changes make people behave in criminal ways.
Crime of globalisation
● Rothe/ Friedrich: international financial organisations dominated by capitalist states.
● Eg: world bank has 188 members but 5 hold 1/3 voting rights
● Rothe/ Friedrich: impose pro-capitalist ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor
countries -> education cut, creates conditions for crime
● Rothe: programme in Rwanda 1980s -> unemployment + 1984 genocide
Patterns of criminal organisation
● Hobbs/ Dunningham: individuals with contacts act as ‘hub’ around other individuals seeking
opportunities, linking legitimate/ illegitimate activities.
‘Global’ organisation
● Have international links, especially with the drugs trade, but crime is still rooted in its local
context.
● Hobbs/ Dunningham: crime is ‘global’ system: locally based, but global connections so varies
according to local conditions (availability of drugs from abroad)
● Hobbs/ Dunningham: globalisation -> shift from hierarchical gang structure to networks of
entrepreneurial criminals.
● Not clear if patterns are new, or older structures have disappeared.
McMafia
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