WGU C785 Final Exam
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?
(ANS- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha
carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic,
polar, and charged?
(ANS- Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end
with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?
(ANS- ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
(ANS- Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet
caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain
interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits
MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?
(ANS- hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen -
temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?
(ANS- hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding?
(ANS- Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of
protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure?
(ANS- Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May
form a different protein.
,What is an electron?
(ANS- Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy:
(ANS- Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds?
(ANS- chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond?
(ANS- bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond?
(ANS- weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino?
(ANS- piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl?
(ANS- piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic?
(ANS- Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic?
(ANS- Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond?
(ANS- strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions?
(ANS- amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
, what is a polypeptide
(ANS- polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis?
(ANS- Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis?
(ANS- adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix?
(ANS- twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet?
(ANS- folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation?
(ANS- loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme
salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation?
(ANS- clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins
leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions?
(ANS- bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease
reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?
(ANS- decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?
(ANS- enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-
substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is
released, enzyme recycled
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