Exam (elaborations)
NAVLE STUDYGUIDE EXAM COMPLETE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- Course
- Institution
NAVLE STUDYGUIDE EXAM COMPLETE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ...
[Show more]
Content preview
NAVLE STUDYGUIDE EXAM COMPLETE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Xylitol toxicity - answer - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA - high ALT = SAME, ursodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle Bleach toxicity - answer - dilute stomach w/ MILK - DO NOT induce emesis - GI protectants Black widow spiders - answer - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus - ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves - signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms - death from resp/cardio failure Warfarin toxicity - answer - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X - signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion - give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses (nephrotoxic; only plasma) - most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity - spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets - platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC - diagnosis = PIVKA Brodifacoum toxicity - answer - D-con rodenticide - inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K) - give vit. K and monitor PT Bromethalin toxicity - answer - seizures - low dose = paralysis - high dose = convulsions Cholecalciferol toxicity - answer - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption - can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization - tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)), prednisone/prednisolone (decrease osteoclastic activity) - DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity - human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P! Strychnine toxicity - answer tetanic seizures Zinc oxide - answer - gas - decontaminate = don't breathe in! Ethylene glycol - answer - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic) - crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time - stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic acidosis) - stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea - stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz - dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, PU/PD or oliguria, hypocalcemia - tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepazole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON CATS; ethanol competes Organophosphate toxicity - answer - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs - DUMBSLED - tx = atropine or 2- PAM - DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine Fleet enema toxicity - answer - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium - hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia - hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures - tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyperkalemic) Strychnine (snail bait) toxicity - answer - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractil ity in spinal cord and brainstem - affects striated muscle - tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation Chocolate toxicity - answer - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) - CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR and BP - tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine - enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluids Pyrethrin (fipronil) toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS - alters sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization - signs = depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors - tx = methocarbamol, bathe Grissonia simplicifolia toxicity - answer - herbal supplement - can lead to serotonin syndrome Acetaminophen toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS and ferrets - cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase --> heinz body hemolytic anemia + liver damage + methemoglobinemia - facial and paw edema = allergic/hypersensitivity - tx = emesis/gastric lavage within 4-6 hrs, N-acetylcysteine - monitor methemoglobin (>50% grave) Toxins causing heinz body anemia - answer - methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, b rassica family - zinc = pennies after 1983 - onions (allium) = hemolytic anemia, HEMOGLOBINURIA; sheep resistant - red maple leaves = dried leaves; HORSES (icterus, colic) - moth balls (naphthalene) = also see GI signs Toxins causing renal failure - answer - grapes and raisins - lillies = ARF in cats; stargazer, day, asiatic, tiger, easter - helogeton = oxalate calculi/oxalate nephrosis - tx = decontaminate, diurese 48-72 hrs, apomorphine ONCE) or dexmedetomidine/xylazine - do NOT give hydrogen peroxide = hemorrhagic gastritis (give omeprazole) Nitrate toxicity - answer - NO3 + rumen = NO2 (nitrite) - binds to hemoglobin --> methemoglobin - tx = methylene blue Non-protein nitrogen (urea) toxicity - answer - urea + urease = ammonia NH3 + CO2 = bloat - tx = cold water + acetic acid/vinegar --> traps NH3+ as NH3 Zearalenone toxicity - answer - affects PIGS - potent estrogenic mycotoxin metabolite produced by Fusarium - hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy Salt poisoning - answer - lesion = perivascular infiltration of eospinophils - pathogenesis = sodium causes increased osmolarity --> brains forms idiogenic osmoles to draw water back into brain - signs = head pressing, stargazing, blindness, seizures, hemolysis - REHYDRATE SLOWLY - decrease hypernatremia by 0.5-1 mEq q 24-48 hrs Copper toxicity - answer - common in SHEEP - cattle and horse feed contain too much copper for sheep = stress induced - acute signs = GI pain, anorexia, GI, shock, GUNMETAL KIDNEYS, blue/green ingesta - chronic signs = no signs until acute hemolytic crisis (HEMOGLOBINURIA, renal failure, icterus, photosensitive etc.) - hemolytic anemia in sheep = icterus, methemoglobinemia - tx = poor success; penicillamine chelator (increases excretion), chronic ammonium tetrathiomolybd ate - tx for dogs = chicken breast and cottage cheese (low in copper) Copper deficiency - answer - SHEEP, goats, piglets - primary (low intake) vs. secondary (HIGH MOLYBDENUM, sulfur, iron, selenium) - signs = peat scours, unthriftiness, anemia, coat depigmentation, joint pain/lameness - enzootic ataxia = lambs 1-2 mo old - swayback = congenitally or in very young lambs, progressive ascending paralysis Phalaris toxicity - answer - stiff-legged gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, head tremors, fall and flail - remove from pasture Hypomagnesemia - answer - occur in lactating animals in early spring on LUSH PASTURES - high levels of nitrogen and potassium inhibit Mg absorption from GIT - restlessness, staggers, excitable, convulsions, death - serum < 1.5 - tx = sedate w/ diazepam, Mg gluconate, Ca borogluconate - px = limit Mo, Ca, add selenium to diet Black walnut toxicity - answer - LAMINITIS in horses - limb edema Slaframine - answer - moldy red cloverThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller luzlinkuz. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now