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Distinction - BTEC Applied Science Unit 4 LA C: Learning aim C: Explore manufacturing techniques and testing methods for an organic solid.$14.68
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Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application
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Unit 4 LA C Laboratory Techniques and their Application Name
Introduction: In this report, I am going to talk about exploring manufacturing techniques and
methods for an organic solid (making aspirin).
What is aspirin and what is it used for?
Aspirin is a basic medication that can be used for a variety of purposes (www.nhsinform.scot, n.d.),
including treating fevers and mild to moderate pain associated with muscle aches,
toothaches, the common cold, and headaches (WebMD, n.d.). It can also be used to treat pain
and swelling associated with arthritis pain relief and lowering the risk of catastrophic
illnesses including cardiovascular problems (www.nhsinform.scot, n.d.). It comes in a variety of forms,
such as pills, water-soluble tablets, powders, and oral gels (www.nhsinform.scot, n.d.).Salicylic acid is
chemically synthesised into aspirin, which is then acetylated with acetic anhydride (International
Aspirin Foundation, 2020). Aspirin is a fast-acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID)
that is absorbed quickly from the stomach and small intestine (International Aspirin Foundation, 2020). The
molecular weight of aspirin is 180.16g/mol (International Aspirin Foundation, 2020).
Making aspirin: The reaction of ethanoic anhydride with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid produces
aspirin (Annets, F. et al, 2016). Preparing 2-hydroxybenzoic acid is the initial step (Annets, F. et al, 2016).
The second step is to convert 2-hydroxybenzoic acid to aspirin using ethanoic anhydride
(2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid) (Annets, F. et al, 2016).
Figure 01 - The preparation of aspirin
Filtration:
Filtration separates solids from liquids (Annets, F. et al, 2016). Filtration can be classified into several
categories(Annets, F. et al, 2016).
Gravity filtration with filtration: Fluted filter paper. Filtration with fluted paper in a filter funnel.
As the surface centre is larger, the folding accelerates the rate of filtration (Annets, F. et al, 2016). It
is used in the removal of solid contaminants from liquids (Annets, F. et al, 2016). Example - Removes
insoluble rock impurities from solution when rock salt is dissolved in water (Annets, F. et al, 2016).
Gravity filtration: Non-fluted paper. Filtration with non-fluted paper (paper is folded more
simply) in a filter funnel (Annets, F. et al, 2016). As the surface centre is larger, the folding
accelerates the rate of filtration (Annets, F. et al, 2016). It is used in the removal of solid
contaminants from liquids. Example - Removes sand from a mixture of sand and water (Annets,
F. et al, 2016).
Hot filtration: Filtration with fluted/non-fluted paper in a filter funnel. As the surface centre is
larger, the folding accelerates the rate of filtration (Annets, F. et al, 2016). It is used in the removal of
solid contaminants from liquids (Annets, F. et al, 2016). The solution is kept warm. It is used to
,Unit 4 LA C Laboratory Techniques and their Application Name
eliminate solid impurities from liquids, hence preventing crystals of the desired solute from
forming (Annets, F. et al, 2016). This is important because if the desired solute recrystallizes, it will
also be filtered out and therefore mixed with the contaminants (Annets, F. et al, 2016). Example -
Obtaining pure paracetamol from impurities present after synthesis (Annets, F. et al, 2016).
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Vacuum filtration:
A vacuum filtering process is utilised for solvent extraction. The Buchner funnel and filter
paper were used in the process (Annets, F. et al, 2016). The vacuum is used to speed up and
improve the effectiveness of filtration (Annets, F. et al, 2016). The reduced pressure also helps in the
drying of the product (Annets, F. et al, 2016). It rapidly eliminates impurities from liquids and can only
be used with cold solutions (Annets, F. et al, 2016). Another application for this technology is to
separate recrystallized antifebrin (a chemical used in the production of paracetamol) after
synthesis (Annets, F. et al, 2016).
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Equipment list for making aspirin:
● Salicylic (2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic) acid
● Spatula
● Weighing boat
● Weighing balance
● Round bottom flask
● 10 cm3 measuring cylinder
● 50 cm3 measuring cylinder
● Ethanoic anhydride
● Concentrated sulfuric acid
● Fume cupboard
● 400 cm3 beaker
● 200 cm3 beaker
● Büchner funnel apparatus
● Filter paper
● Stirring rod
● Distilled water
● Spatula.
● Hot water bath
Method for making aspirin:
1. Using a weighing balance and a spatula, weigh out approximately 6.00 grams of
salicylic (2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic) acid into a weighing boat.
2. Record the mass of salicylic acid used.
3. Pour the salicylic acid from the weighing boat to a round bottom flask.
4. Inside the fume cupboard, add 10 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride into a 10 cm3 measuring
cylinder.
, Unit 4 LA C Laboratory Techniques and their Application Name
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Figure 02: Inside a fume cupboard
5. Add the ethanoic anhydride from the cylinder to the conical flask containing salicylic
acid and swirl to mix.
6. Still in the fume cupboard, add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid into the conical
flask using a pipette and swirl to mix.
7. In a beaker, add water and place it in a hot water bath at 60 degrees celsius.
8. Add the conical flask into the beaker for about 20 minutes.
9. Take out the conical flask and allow it to cool.
10. Set up the Buchner funnel as shown in the picture below:
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Figure 03: Set-up of a Buchner funnel
11. Using a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder, measure 75 cm3 of distilled water and pour it into
the conical flask and swirl to precipitate solid.
12. Put a filter paper inside the funnel and dampen it with distilled water. “This prevents
the formation of multi-layer systems in the filter flask” (www.chem.ucla.edu, n.d.).
13. Turn on the tap and pour the solution into the funnel, then rinse the conical flask with
distilled water and pour that into the funnel.
14. Wait a few minutes for the impure aspirin to be completely dry.
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