NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Study Guide Latest 2022/2023 - Rasmussen College
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Course
NUR 2063
Institution
NUR 2063
NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Study
Guide
What are the three stages of AKI presentation? - - Prodromal
- Oliguric
- post-oliguric
Causes of chronic kidney disease - - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of
functional nephrons.
- Due to kidney not re...
NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essen tials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Study Guide What are the three stages of AKI presentation? - - Prodromal - Oliguric - post-oliguric Causes of chronic kidney disease - - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons. - Due to kidney not recovering • Can lead up to end -stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease - - Diabetes - Hypertension - Recurrent pyelonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease - History of exposure to toxi ns - Age over 65 - Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) complications of chronic kidney disease - - hypertension and cardiovascular disease - uremic syndrome - metabolic acidosis - electrolyte imbalances - bone and mineral disorders - malnu trition - anemia - pain - depression Hypertension and cardiovascular disease - - (increased blood volume) Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process Uremic Syndrome - - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and ur emic frost (itching & discomfort) . Metabolic acidosis - - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia Electrolyte Imbalances - - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium Bone and mineral disorders - Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) Malnutrition - - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and potassium) Anemia - - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life Pain - - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities Depression - - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships Urge Incontinence - - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder Stress Incontinence - - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects) Neurogenic bladder - From a disruption of nervous communication that controls micturition. Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries. Functional Incontinence - - Secondary to physical or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in time. Mixed Incontinence - - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence More common in elderly women Overflow Incontinence - - When the bladder becomes full and overflows (Due to something physically blocking; NOT from holding urine) Cystitis (UTI) - - Inflammation of the bladder lining due to E. coli fro m infections, chemical irritants or stones. General S/S of Cystitis (UTI) - - frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in Children - - fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in older adults - - delirium and new onset incontince. . Patient teachings to prevent cystitis - - Urinate before and after sexual intercourse - Wipe front to back - Take antibiotics as prescribed - Increase fluid intake - Do not resist urge to urinate
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