Summary
Summary - Statistics for the Social Sciences (19/20)
- Course
- Institution
Complete and clear overview of the theory as presented during the lectures. Got me a 19/20
[Show more]
1 review
By: sarracerda • 4 months ago
I like the summary and the easy to understand bullet points. It is very concise and easy to understand.
Seller
Follow
1h09t
Reviews received
Content preview
Statistics for the Social SciencesBachelor in Social Sciences: 1
2018-2019
,Table of Content
Introduction: statistics
o What are statistics?
o Variables
§ Categorical variables
- Nominal
- Ordinal
§ Metric variables
- Interval
- Ratio
§ Continuous variable
§ Discrete variable
Univariate, descriptive statistics
o Frequencies and visual presentations
o Measures of center
§ Mean y̅
§ Median M
§ Mode
o Measures of variability
§ Range
§ Variance s2
§ Standard deviation s
§ Variation coefficient V
o Measures of position
§ Percentiles
§ Interquartile range IQR
§ Boxplot
§ Outlier
o From sample to population distribution
§ Normal distribution
o Shape of distributions
§ Skewness
§ Kurtosis
o Standard normal distribution
o Z-transformations
Univariate, inferential statistics
o Simpe random sampling
o Sampling variability
o Sample error of a statistic
o Sampling distribution of a sample statistic
§ Sampling distribution of the sample mean
- Mean of sampling distribution of the sample mean
- Standard error of the sample mean
2
, - Law of large numbers
- Central limit theorem
- Normal distribution (Gauss-curve)
- Point estimate
- Interval estimate
- Confidence interval
- Z-scores
- T-distribution
- T-scores
§ Sampling distribution of the sample proportion
- Central limit theorem
- Mean of sampling distribution of the proportion
- Standard error of the sample proportion
- Z-scores
- Confidence interval
§ Sampling distributions of the median
o Significance testing
§ Assumptions
§ Hypotheses
§ Test value
§ P-value
§ Conclusion and interpretation
Bivariate, inferential statistics
o Symmetrical relations
o A-symmetrical relations
o Relationships between two categorical variables
- Cross-table or contingency table
- Chi-squared test of independence (with significance testing)
- Residual analysis
- Measures of association
o Relationships between two metric variables
- Scatterplot
- Covariance
- Correlation
- Regression analysis
1. Determining X and Y
2. Calculating the linear relationship
3. Residual analysis
! We can apply the logic of significance testing on linear regression analysis
Multivariate, linear regression analysis
o Basic model
o Mediating model
o Interaction or moderation model
3
, Statistics
What are statistics?
= a body of methods for obtaining and analyzing data
Population
= a total set of subjects of interest in a research
- Number of subjects = population size = N
!!! Requires a clear definition: who’s in and who’s out?
Sample
= a smaller subset of subjects selected from the research population
- Simple, random selection à representative sample
- Number of sampled subjects = sample size = n
- n is always either equal or smaller than N
Descriptive statistics summarize the information of the data
Inferential statistics provide predictions about an entire population, based on data from a
sample of that population
Variables
Subjects in a population/sample vary from each other with respect to a characteristic
ð a variable = a characteristic that can vary in value among subjects/statistical units in
a sample or population
- Notation: X, Y, Z, x, y, z, …
- Each subject has a particular value on a variable: X1, X2, …, Xn
- Number of different values a variable can take: m
- Measurement scale: something like “ratio”
- m is always equal or smaller than n
- Univariate statistics: 1 variable
- Bivariate statistics: association between 2 variables
- Multivariate statistics: associations between more than 2 variables
Types of variables
Categorical variables: are categories, can’t be counted (f ex: man + female = ???), wouldn’t
make sense, never in numbers
f ex: hair color, gender, religion, favorite show, political preferences, …
= qualitative variable
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller 1h09t. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.95. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75057 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now