Final Exam Study Guide
Module 1:
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind, real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative
PURPOSE –
WHAT DETERMINES RESPON...
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind,
real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative
PURPOSE –
WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE –
SELYE GAP SYNDROME STAGES, BODY’S RESPONSES TO
STAGES – ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION:
ALARM – the stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance; releases epi and norepi, and
cortisol; Body has decreased resistance to stressors
RESISTANCE – Body fights back by adjusting to the stress; body trying to return to
homeostasis; Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids elevated for energy, growth and repair
EXHAUSTION – Rest permits enhanced adaptation; No rest = overtraining, injury, lack of
adaptation; point where body can no longer reach homeostasis; Allostatic overload – “cost” of
body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
STRESS IN CHILDREN:
PHYSIOLOGICAL – Immune system, stunt in growth, high blood pressure
MEDIATORS OF STRESS, E.G. NOREPINEPHRINE,
EPINEPHRINE, CORTISOL – WHAT DO THEY DO?
Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during alarm stage; constricts blood vessels and
raises blood pressure; reduces gastric secretions and increases night and far vision
Epinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during the alarm stage; enhances myocardial
contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac output; causes bronchodilation;
increases the release of glucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) – released during alarm stage; primary glucocorticoid; may be
synergistic or antagonistic to catecholamines; suppresses the immune system, decreases
serotonin, increases blood sugar, increases blood pressure, decreases sensitivity to pain, and
heightens memory and attention
, ALDOSTERONE (mineralocorticoid)– essential for sodium conservation in the kidneys, salivary
glands, sweat glands, and colon
LONG TERM GLUCOCORTICOID EFFECTS ON BODY:
osteoporosis, inability to fight infection (comp host), can weaken muscle/atrophy of skeletal
muscle
ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS:
ENDORPHINS- are an endogenous opioid peptide derived from cells in the
hypothalamus, have analgesic properties
ENKEPHALINS – One of two types of pain-suppressing pentapeptides; they
are produced in the body and are located in the pituitary gland, brain, and GI
tract
Module 2
PHAGOCYTOSIS:
WHAT IS IT? – When leukocytes attack the bad cells and “eat” them
STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS, INITIATION, PROMOTION,
PROGRESSION:
INITIATION – Initiating events in chromosomes (such as aberrations) or in DNA; initiators are
radiation, chemical carcinogens, UV etc.
PROMOTION – low doses of tumor initiators are necessary to convert the initiated cells to
cancer cells; EX: TPA, phorbol esters, estrogen and excessive fat
PROGRESSION – Increased genetic instability resulting in aggressive growth phenotype
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN VS
MALIGNANT TUMORS:
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