I have summarized the contents of the knowledge clips for polysaccharides. This document, together with the content of the reader, will prepare you for the polysaccharide part of the exam! Good luck studying :)
● The shape of the polysaccharide is determined by the type of
polysaccharide, the linkage and the sequence of sugar residues.
○ Monosaccharide/disaccharide/oligosaccharide/polysaccharide.
○ α or β linkage.
■ α = up. β = down.
○ 1→2; 1→3; 1→4; 1→6 linkage.
○ Linear vs. branched.
○ Homopolymer vs. heteropolymer.
● The molecular weight of the polysaccharide may be poly-disperse or
mono-disperse.
- Mono-disperse: all molecules have the same molecular size.
- Poly-disperse: not all molecules have the same molecular size.
○ A higher viscosity requires a higher molecular weight.
● When a methyl ester is linked to a carboxyl group of a polysaccharide, the charge is
neutralized, which changes the polysaccharide properties.
● The ability of polysaccharides to make junction zones is important for the formation
of gels.
○ Too many junction zones? → insoluble, crystalline polysaccharide (cellulose).
● Polysaccharides may be derived from botanical, algal, microbial or animal sources.
● The higher the molecular weight, the higher the viscosity.
● The more stretched/linear the polysaccharide, the higher the viscosity.
● The more charged the polysaccharide, the higher the viscosity.
Question:
Why is the viscosity of a pectin solution more dependent on pH compared to a carrageenan
solution?
Pectin contains uronic acid residues. The charge of the carboxyl groups of these uronic
acids may change with changing pH. At a pH below the pKa, the carboxyl group has a
neutral charge (COOH). At a pH above the pKa, the carboxyl group has a negative charge
(COO-). The presence of more negative charges results in an increased viscosity.
, Carrageenans contain a sulfate group. This group is negatively charged. Upon a change in
pH, this sulfate group remains negatively charged and the viscosity of a carrageenan
solution is therefore less pH-dependent.
Knowledge clip - Pectin; structural properties
● Pectin is one of the most important gelling agents in jams and jellies.
● Sources:
○ Apple pomace.
○ Citrus peel.
● Pectin is found in all cell walls of plant material. It is mainly present in the middle
lamella, but can also be found in the primary cell wall and (in small amounts) in the
secondary cell wall.
● Pectin has hairy and smooth regions.
○ Smooth region → polygalacturonan region. Galacturonic acid is the main unit.
This part determines the gelling properties of pectin.
- Uronic acid: monosaccharide with an acid group attached to it.
● The bonds that uronic acids make with each other are relatively strong and (heat)
stable.
● The acid groups may be methylated.
○ Low-Methylated (LM) pectin. <50% of the acid groups is methylated.
○ High-Methylated (HM) pectin.
Knowledge clip - Pectin: gelling properties
● Depending on the pH, the carboxyl group in pectin molecules may have a negative or
a neutral charge.
○ At a neutral pH, the charge is negative → deprotonated.
○ At an acidic pH, the charge is neutral → protonated.
● Pectin may form 2 types of gels:
1. Calcium gel.
● LM-pectin makes a gel with calcium. The positively charged calcium ions make ionic
bonds with the negatively charged carboxyl groups.
● An ‘egg-box’ model is formed.
2. Sugar-acid gel.
● HM-pectin forms a gel with sugar and acid.
● The sugar attracts water → the water activity decreases, meaning there is less water
available for the pectin molecules. Therefore, the pectin molecules are forced
towards each other = formation of junction zones.
● Upon the addition of acid, the charge of the carboxyl groups becomes neutral → the
pectin molecules can approach each other even more closely!
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Sannevaart. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.29. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
