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Industrial Revolution, IRRevolution : Revolt (dissatisfaction w.r.t existing system) + Evolution (of a new
system)
Revolution is a phenomenon that has the potential to impact/ change almost all the
aspects of life like Polity, Economy, Society etc.
Features of revolution :
1. Change in Political structure ( emergence of new institutions eg: parliament
American revolution : first written constitution
2. Change in Social structure (& value system), renaissance , beginning of
liberalism, secularism
3. Change in means of production & economic relations : Beginning of
machine age
4. Rapid transformation w.r.t infrastructure like introduction of railways
Definition
IR denotes the system of manufacturing things or products on a large scale with the
help of manmade largescale machines driven by steam power
IR, in modern history, is a process of change from an agrarian & handicraft
economy to one dominated by industry & machine manufacturing.
The phenomenon of IR started in 18th cent in England & it had far reaching effects
on social, political & economic aspects of English masses.
Causes for IR
Colonialism & Imperialism coupled RAPID Social & Economic Changes
with geographical discoveries
Capitalism
Scientific Inventions
1. Geographical discoveries, colonialism & imperialism
geographical discoveries introduced new regions like India, America, Mexico,
Malaya etc & gave a direct link b/w east & the west for the first time in the history of
the mankind.
Industrial Revolution, IR 1
, geographical discoveries provided the supply of raw materials (availability of huge
pool of resources) & market
Colonialism & Imperialism helped in conquering both the sources of raw material &
the market. The demand for the products increased exponentially due to these new
links & it could not be met with the traditional methods of production. This
necessitated scientific inventions & innovations
Colonialism Imperialism
1. Benefits to parent country 1. Benefits to parent country
2. Exploitation of host country 2. exploitation of host country
3. economic benefits 3. political acquisition of a foreign
territory
4. Domination of people’s life &
culture 4. militarism
5. can be done by companies like EIC 5. done by gov or state
Colonialism is the practice of acquiring Imperialism is a policy of extending a
partial or full control over another country’s power & influence through
country & exploiting it economically military force or diplomacy
Practice of extending territories, forming The ideology that drives colonialism
colonies & settlements & exploiting their
Can be categorized into formal &
resources
informal imperialism
Produce two main types of colonies :
settler colonies & dependencies
2. Scientific Inventions
When the traditional methods of productions could not match the increased
demands of the market, it necessitated scientific inventions & innovations to boost
the production. The first major innovation was about the utility of the steam power
demonstrated by James Watt.
Efficiency of steam power = 5* of manpower
innovation of Steam Engines → increase in production of goods → increase in
demand of raw materials & markets → boosted colonialism & imperialism → later,
the colonies were PERMANENT markets & cheap source of RAW MATERIALS →
exploitation of farmers & exploiters became RICH → Capitalists FUNDED
innovations
Industrial Revolution, IR 2
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