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cardiorespiratory notes year 1 mbbs
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year 1 mbbs notes for cardiorespiratory module
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CR PBLs REVISIONPBL 1: Daryl Ware (Blood Pressure)
1. What is blood pressure?
The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
2. What is a normal reading for blood pressure and what is considered hypertension?
Normal = 120/80mmHg
Hypertension = > 140/90mmHg
3. Define cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate
The amount of blood the heart pumps around the circulatory system in one minute.
4. Define stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic
cardiac contraction
5. What determines Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance/total peripheral resistance
MAP ≅ CO × SVR
OR
MAP = DP + 1/3(SP – DP)
6. What is systolic pressure?
Force at which your heart pumps blood around your body
7. What is diastolic pressure?
Resistance to blood flow in blood vessels
8. Risk factors for hypertension
Smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, alcohol, genetics, age, physical inactivity
9. Mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors
Prevent the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I by inhibiting ACE enzyme.
, (Angiotensin II normally causes an increase in blood pressure via vasoconstriction
and sympathetic nervous stimulation.)
10. Mechanism of action for CCBs
Prevent calcium from entering cells of the heart and arteries, allowing blood vessels
to relax.
(Calcium causes the heart and arteries to contract more strongly)
11. Mechanism of action for Angiotensin receptor blockers
Block A1 receptors -> vasodilation
12. Mechanism of action for Thiazides
Inhibit reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from the DCT in kidneys by blocking thiazide-
sensitive Na+/Cl- symporter
13. Mechanism of action for Beta Blockers
Reduce renin secretion, slow heart rate (block effects of adrenaline)
14. What is an ischaemic stroke?
When blood vessels become damaged, they can harden narrow leading to a
condition known as atherosclerosis. This can cause a blockage in blood vessels which
blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain.
(High BP puts a strain on all blood vessels which can damage them)
15. What is a haemorrhagic stroke?
A stroke which occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts inside the brain, causing
bleeding on and into surrounding tissue.
16. Why does hypertension increase the risk of having a heart attack?
The strain and damage resulting from hypertension causes coronary arteries to
slowly become narrowed due to a build-up of fat, cholesterol, etc. (atherosclerosis).
As arteries harden, blood clots become more likely to form. When an artery
becomes blocked, the flow of blood through the heart muscle is interrupted, starving
it of oxygen and nutrients. The damage or death of part of the heart muscle that
occurs as a result is called a heart attack/ MI.
17. What is hypertensive retinopathy?
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