WGU C784 APPLIED HEALTHCARE STATISTICS MODULE
6 EXAM PREP 2022/2023
1. An association between two variables is a strong indication of causation. True or False?
a. True
b. False (correct answers)False; Correct. This statement is false. An association between two variables is
not a strong indication of causation. Often there are associations between two variables where
causation does not exist.
2. Causation is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. True or False?
a. True
b. False (correct answers)a. True
Correct. This statement is true. Causation indicates a cause-and-effect relationship between two
variables.
3. Sunscreen sales increase when shark attacks become more frequent, therefore there is a causal
relationship. True or False?
a. True
b. False (correct answers)False. There is not a proven cause-and-effect relationship between sunscreen
sales and shark attacks. This is an association, but a causal relationship does NOT exist.
4. One dose of the measles vaccine is about 93% effective at preventing measles, if exposed to the virus.
Doctors, scientists, and epidemiologists have shown that the vaccine is the cause of the reduction in
measles cases. Therefore, there is a causal relationship. True or False?
, a. True
b. False (correct answers)True; Correct. This statement is true. There is a proven cause-and-effect
relationship between the measles vaccine and a reduction in measles cases.
5. Obesity rates decrease as exposure to sunlight increases. Therefore, there is a causal relationship
between sunlight exposure and obesity. True or False?
a. True
b. False (correct answers)False; Correct. This statement is false. We have not shown a proven cause-and-
effect relationship between lack of sunlight exposure and obesity. This is an association, but we cannot
be sure that a causal relationship exists without more information.
A ____________________ variable* is a variable that is associated with both variables, but was not
included in the study. As you may have guessed, the lurking variable in this example is age. Age
increases the risk of high blood pressure. Bone density also decreases with age. (correct answers)Lurking
Variable
A lurking variable can hide the true relationship, or falsely identify a strong relationship, between
variables. True or False? (correct answers)This statement is true. A lurking variable impacts analysis
because it is a variable that is not included as an explanatory variable or response variable.
A lurking variable only affects the response variable. True or False? (correct answers)This statement is
false. A lurking variable can have an effect on both the explanatory and response variables.
A lurking variable is a variable that is included in an original study. True or False? (correct answers)This
statement is false. A lurking variable is not a variable that is intended to be included in the original
analysis.
Lurking variables are unimportant for a correct understanding of cause and effect. True or False?
(correct answers)This statement is false. Lurking variables can offer a more accurate explanation of
cause and effect, such as age causing higher blood pressure and lower bone density.
5. According to the first scatterplot, what type of relationship (if any) is there between testosterone
levels in males and systolic blood pressure?
a. Weak negative association between systolic blood pressure and testosterone levels.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller MENTALGIANT. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.