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Summary CH2 earth portrait of a planet
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Chapter 2; Journey to the center of Earth by Stephen Marshak
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Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait of a Planet, 5th edition by Stephen Marshak All Chapters 1 to 23 complete Verified editon ISBN: 9780393937503
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Solution Manual For Accompany Earth Portrait of a Planet By Marshak,5 Edition All Chapters Covered ,Latest Edition, ISBN:9780393937503
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Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait of a Planet, 5th edition by Stephen Marshak (All Chapters) A+
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Chapter 2 – Journey to the center of the Earth2.2 Welcome to the Neighborhood
A journey through the Solar System
Most of space is interstellar space, the region between stars. This region is vacuum, which means that
there is an absence of matter. These atoms in interstellar space are either parts of nebulae or are cosmic
rays, high energy atomic nuclei ejected into space at extreme velocity by supernova explosions.
(1)But when we get closer to the Solar system there
is matter; the Oort Cloud. The Oort Cloud is a cloud
of icy objects left over from Solar System
formation, that orbit the Sun in a region outside of
the heliosphere. The Oort Cloud’s inner edge lies at
about 3,500 AU 1from the Sun.
(2)At about 200 AU the heliosphere starts, the inner
edge of interstellar space. It contains solar-wind
particles, electrons and protons ejected into space
from our Sun.
(3) At a distance of 30- 55 AU from the Sun, the
Kuiper Belt appears. The Kuiper Belt is an diffuse
ring of icy objects left over from the protoplanetary
disk.
(4)The orbit of Neptune (the outermost true planet)
defines the inner edge of the Kuiper Belt. After
passing this orbit, interplanetary space appears.
After that the orbits of Saturn and Saturn (Jovian
planets). Then ther is an asteroid belt, a diffuse band
at about 2,5 AU containing lots of small solid objects. In the inner part of the Solar System we find the
four terrestrial planets (Mars, Earth, Venus, Mercury).
interstellar space – oort cloud- heliosphere- kuiper belt- orbit of neptune/ saturn/ jupiter (jovian
planets) – asteroid belt- orbit of mars/earth/venus/mercury/ sun
Comets and Asteroids -(Likeness)
Asteroids and comets have a few things in common.
1.They are both celestial bodies orbiting our Sun, and they both can have unusual orbits, sometimes
straying close to Earth or the other planets.
2.They are both “leftovers” — made from materials from the formation of our Solar System 4.5 billion
years ago.
Comets and Asteroids -(Difference)
1.While asteroids consist of metals and rocky material, comets are made up of ice, dust, rocky
materials and organic compounds. Comets consist primarily of frozen water (H2O), carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3 and other volatile compound along with a variety of organic
chemicals and dust (tiny rocky or metallic particles). Some geologists speculate that impacts of comets
with the Earth brought water. When comets get closer to the Sun, they lose material with each orbit
1 An AU, or astronomical unit, is the distance between the Earth and the Sun (about 150 km)
, because some of their ice melts and vaporizes.That’s why they have got a long
tail of gas. Asteroids typically remain solid, even when near the Sun.
2.Right now, the majority of asteroids reside in the asteroid belt, a region
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter which may hold millions of space rocks of
varying sizes. On the other hand, the majority of comets are in the farthest
reaches of our Solar System: either 1. in the Kuiper Belt — a region just outside
the orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto that may have millions of icy comets (as well
as many icy dwarf planets like Pluto and Eris); or 2. the Oort Cloud, a region
where trillions of comets may circle the Sun at huge distances of up to 20 trillion
kilometers (13 trillion miles).
Earth’s magnetic field
A magnetic field is the region measurably affected by the
force emanating 2from a magnet. Since Earth’s magnetic
field is a dipolar we can pretend there is an imaginary bar
in the planet’s interior. The north pole of this bar lies near
the south geographic pole whereas the south pole of the
bar lies near the north geographic pole. (The geographic
poles are the places where the spin axis intersects the
planet’s surface). BUT geologists refer to the north
geographic pole as the north magnetic pole and the south
geographic pole as the south magnetic pole.
(Magnetic field lines always go from the northern to the southern polarity, so it’s upside down)
The magnetic poles move, but they have never been more than 15 degrees of latitude apart from the
geographic poles. The solar wind interacts with Earth’s magnetic field. Magnetic field deflects 3 most
solar wind-particles, so they do not reach the Earth’s surface. This magnetic shield is called the
magnetosphere.
The Van Allen Belts, is a region in which the magnetic field starts to strengthen. It serves as a second
line of defense. But some particles still pass this belt and follow the field lines to the polar regions of
Earth. They interact with gas atoms nearer the Earth and cause the gases to glow, called aurorae.
2 Emanating= voortkomen
3 Deflect= afbuigen
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