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Summary CIE IGCSE History Paper 1 Topics 1-3 Notes
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CIE IGCSE History Paper 1 Topics 1-3 Revision Notes: -> Fully Comprehensive -> Extremely Detailed -> Clear and Concise -> Grade 9
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Topic 1 – Treaty of VersaillesBackground:
On 11th November 1918 Germany signed the Armistice (surrender) -> Dolchstoss
Germany signed the armistice as they were trusted a fair peace treaty based on the Fourteen Points
Dolchstoss: The belief that Germany did not lose WW1 but instead that they were betrayed by
civilians at the home front who surrendered
Diktat: An order or decree imposed by someone in power without popular consent.
No defeated countries were invited into the peace conference -> Diktat
Came from Paris Peace Conference Jan 1919 – signed in June
Motives of Big Three:
Georges Clemenceau:
To cripple to Germany so they could never be a threat to France again
Germany attacked France twice in last fifty years
France suffered 1.4 million casualties, 4 million wounded + 5000 sunken ships and lost
farmland and industry in north-east France
To regain control of Alsace-Lorraine, which Germany had taken in 1871
For Germany to take full responsibility for the war
To make Germany pay heavy war reparations and pay back the cost of all the destruction
they had caused – 1.5 million killed – 5000 ships - lost farmland and industry in North-East
France
Public Pressure as wanted Germany to be crushed – Poincare wanted Germany to be broken
into smaller states
Lloyd George:
Wanted Germany’s navy destroyed or given to British – keep naval dominance after Arms
Race
Not punished too harshly otherwise Germany would want revenge or go to communism
Stay economically strong for trade – Britain’s second largest trading partner before war
Not be defenceless as to act as a buffer zone against communist Russia
Woodrow Wilson:
Not too harsh as could cause another war
World Peace
Justice
Global Disarmament
Strengthen democracies in defeated countries
Self-Determination to small countries that had once been part of the European empires
Fourteen Points – No secret treaties, Free access to seas, Free trade, Disarmament for all
countries, France to regain Alsace-Lorraine, LON set up
Terms of Treaty of Versailles:
,Territory:
Upper Silesia given to Poland
German colonies mandated under LON – Cameroon + German Samoa
Saar Land (coalfield) under LON and given to France, to hold plebiscite after 15 years
North Schleswig to Denmark
Danzig (port) put under LON
Posen (rich farming area) given to Poland
Lost 10% of land, 12.5% of its population and 48% of iron production + 7m Germans
displaced
Military:
Only 100,000 men and no conscription
No armoured vehicles, submarines or aircraft
Only six battleships
Rhineland became a demilitarized zone
Germany forbidden to pariticipate in armed trade
War guilt cause – Germany had to accept blame for starting the war.
Reparations - £6.6 billion to Allies
League of Nations – League of Nations set up as “global police force”, Germany was provisionally not
invited to League of Nations
Impact on Germany:
Conflict in the Ruhr - £50 million paid in 1921 but no more and so in 1923 French and Belgian
soldiers entered the Ruhr and kept it under their control – 130 killed + 100,000 protestors
expelled from region
Hyperinflation – The government solved the problem of not having enough money by
printing more but caused problem and prices of good rose dramatically – Eine Billion Mark!
Very weak – only 100,000 men and extremely restricted navy – huge numbers of
unemployed – Freikorps – Kapp Putsch Berlin 1920
Fair:
Still economically strong:
By 1925 German steel production was twice that of Britain’s
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was harsher (1918 between Russia and Germany), Russia lost 34% of
its population, 32% of its agricultural land, 54% of its industry, 89% of its coalmines and had
to pay 300 million gold roubles
Germany being hypocritical
Losses of the Allies –needed compensation:
France suffered 1.4 million casualties, 4 million wounded + 5000 sunken ships and lost
farmland and industry in north-east France
, Germany attacked France before in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870
Germany stole Alsace-Lorraine from France in 1871
Britain suffered 1 million casualties
Unfair:
Other countries responsible:
With the War Guilt Clause Germany had to take full blame causing global humiliation, they
believed others were responsible as well
Austria – Hungary initially declared war on Serbia due to the death of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Great Britain, France and Russia initially forming the Triple Entente causing tension
Germany thought they had stopped the war:
Germany signed the armistice in 1918, thus they thought they were responsible for the end
of the war, they didn’t expect extremely harsh punishment
Huge territorial losses:
Upper Silesia given to Poland
German colonies mandated under LON – Cameroon + German Samoa
Saar Land (coalfield) under LON and given to France, to hold plebiscite after 15 years
North Schleswig to Denmark
Danzig (port) put under LON
Posen (rich farming area) given to Poland
Lost 10% of land, 12.5% of its population and 48% of iron production + 7m Germans
displaced
Reparations + Hyperinflation:
Germany felt that they were being intentionally bankrupted as £6.6 billion in reparations
Caused hyperinflation – Eine Billion Mark – Horrific standards of living
Defenceless:
Only being allowed 100,000 men and six battleships meant they couldn’t protect themselves
especially against the aggressive France and communist Russia
Army symbol of German pride + huge numbers of unemployed – Freikorps – Kapp Putsch
1920
In 1923 Belgian and French soldiers took control of the Ruhr to take resources as payment,
130 Germans killed and 100,000 protestors expelled from region
Diktat: - dictated to Germany
The terms were worked out in secret without any German representation, they were not
invited to the TOV and had no say – so were forced to accept harsh treatment – German
bitterness,
Allies allowed to keep colonies but Germany not even despite Wilson being against it
Wasn’t based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points – didn't receive self determination unlike other
states – many Germans forcefully displaced + Wasn’t even allowed to join LON – 14 th point
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