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Summary Health Justice (GZW3015)
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A summary of the literature, including the answers to the learning goals, for the course Health Justice (GZW3015)
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GZW3015 – Health JusticeCase 1............................................................................................................................................................ 2
Case 2.......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Case 3.......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Case 4.......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Case 5.......................................................................................................................................................... 35
1
,Case 1
1. What are the differences between…
a. Inequity and inequality
Inequity:
- The fact that a situation is not fair, or something is not fair in a situation
(Dictionary Cambridge)
- Related to more qualitative matters (Grammarist)
- Gives rise to avoidable deaths and disease (Global Health Europe)
- Equity: Focuses on more equal outcomes, recognizing that disadvantaged
groups may need more support or resources in order to achieve the same
health outcomes as more advantaged groups (Powerpoint WHO)
Inequality:
- Lack of equality (Google)
- The unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities,
money, etc. than other people (Dictionary Cambridge)
- Uneven distribution of health (resources) as a result of genetic or other factors
or the lack of resources (Global Health Europe)
- Unbalanced conditions
- For example Gender inequality: Not all genders are treated equally in
society (Borgen Magazine)
- Equality: When all individuals and
groups of people are given equal
treatment, regardless of need or
outcome (Powerpoint WHO)
One might say that income inequality
results from inequity in society.
A crucial difference is that inequities
are preventable.
The WHO explains that “health
inequities are unfair and could be reduced
by the right mix of governmental policies”,
alongside better acknowledgement of the
factors that perpetuate inequities (Borgen
Magazine)
Equity Same opportunities; dividing depending on needs Outcome
Equality Same thing; dividing same absolute amount Resources to get the
outcome
b. Justice and fairness
Justice:
- Fairness in the way people are dealt with (Dictionary Cambridge)
- Getting what one deserves or is owed
2
, - Includes having one’s right respected and being treated fairly (FiA 2.4)
- Based upon morals and ethics What is morally correct is seen as just
- Providing every person in the society what they deserve (Philstar)
- Types of justice:
o Social justice:
The drive to give equal political, social and economic opportunities
regardless of the characteristics assigned to them or that they choose
(race, gender, religion, sexual orientation etc.)
o Distributive justice:
Analyzes the way that society distributes resources and whether the
distribution is fair and just
o Restorative justice:
Hopes to correct wrongs that have taken place and restore the people
that suffered under that regime.
o Procedural justice:
Refers to the legal decisions being determined in a fair and unbiased
manner
o Compensatory justice:
Ensures that people are properly compensated for the injustices and
injuries they faced. This requires that those who hurt them compensate
them, unlike restorative justice, which focuses on the beneficiary alone
rather than the person that gives the restoration
o Environmental:
Seeks to ensure that all people receive fair environmental burdens and
benefits
o Retributive:
Seeks to apply a fair and objective standard to wrongdoers and applies
punishment in the sat way. This is usually concerning the corrective
system as punishments for crimes, but can also apply to people who
make mistakes in a classroom (adrtimes)
Fairness:
- To be treated in a way that is appropriate or that one deserves (FiA 2.4)
- We are fair when we are not biased and show no favoritism
- Showing no bias towards others (Philstar)
- Each person has an equal opportunity to benefit
- 2 types of fairness:
o Substantive fairness The substance is what the decision is actually
about, or the subject matter
For example: If someone is trying to split up money among a
variety of people, the substantive fairness would be how the
money is divided and the decision on the criteria to use to
evaluate who receives what
o Procedural fairness The way in which the decision is made. Who
makes the decision and how do they make these?
- Criteria for evaluation of fairness:
o Impartiality: The decision-maker has to set aside their own feelings and
biases and stop themselves from judging the situation until they have all
the information
3
, o Notice: People know how the decision will be made before it is made.
This requires that the decision-maker lets everyone know how they will
be evaluating the situation
o Facts: A decision maker focuses on facts and learns as much about the
facts of the situation
o Confrontation: All sides should have a chance to hear the facts and
confront any facts that they disagree with
o Evaluation: The decision maker must finally evaluate all the facts
(adrtimes)
Differences between fairness and justice:
- All justice is not fair, and all that is fair may not just
- Life is not fair as it does not give equal opportunities to all, but justice
demands that government treats all its citizens as equals and provide equal
opportunities for all
- Someone who is fair is seen as just, but sometimes justice can be cruel and
seem not fair (Philstar)
- While justice usually has been used with reference to a standard of rightness,
fairness often has been used with regard to an ability to judge without
reference to one's feelings or interests
- Fairness has also been used to refer to the ability to make judgments that are
not overly general but that are concrete and specific to a particular case. In
any case, a notion of being treated as one deserves is crucial to both justice
and fairness. (SCU)
c. Relative poverty and absolute poverty
Poverty:
Not having enough money or access to resources to enjoy a decent standard of
living; be that lack of access to healthcare, education, water, etc.
Absolute poverty:
- Makes it possible to compare between different countries and time (Economics
Help)
- Basic poverty line: When the income of the household is below the poverty
line, then the person/family is regarded as poor
- Failure in meeting the basic necessities of life
- Comparison of the household’s income, with the standard minimum income of
the household. (Key Differences)
- If everyone in a country lacks enough money to buy food, everyone is poor,
even if no one is in relative poverty. (Medicine Missouri)
Relative poverty:
- Household income is a certain percentage below median incomes (Economics
Help)
- Refers to the state in which a person lacks the least amount of income
required to maintain the normal standard of living, in the society to which they
belong
4
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