Which of the following contributed to tensions between the Eastern and Roman
churches during the Middle Ages?
a. the pope's claim to authority over all Christians
b. the use of holy images in worship
c. the power of the Byzantine emperor
d. all of the above
The Byzantine emperor Justinian's most lasting achievement was the
a. permanent addition of Spain to the Byzantine Empire.
b. permanent addition of eastern Italy to the Byzantine Empire.
c. sound financial footing on which he placed the Byzantine government.
d. collection and codification of Rome's ancient laws.
Muslims regard Mohammad as
a. part human and part divine.
b. the only prophet.
c. entirely divine, not human.
d. the final prophet
________ means both an internal striving by the individual for moral self-
improvement and a collective military struggle to defend Islam against its enemies.
a. Umma
b. Hadith
c. Hegira
d. Jihad
, Christians and Jews who lived in Islamic lands
a. had no rights at all.
b. were protected and tolerated but had fewer rights than Muslims.
c. had greater rights than Muslims.
d. had the same rights as Muslims.
In the eighth and ninth centuries, under the Abbasid caliphs, Muslim civilization
a. reached the height of its political dominance of the Near East, but at the cost
of intellectual stagnation and sterility.
b. was beset by a series of long and bloody civil wars.
c. lost the vitality it had enjoyed under Mohammed's leadership and slipped into
decline.
d. creatively integrated Arabic, Byzantine, Persian, and Indian cultural traditions
Cassiodorus (c. 490-575) was
a. a bishop of Rome who burned some of the last remaining copies of Aristotle's
philosophical works.
b. an Ostorgoth king who sought to blend Germanic and Roman legal principles.
c. a Roman administrator who sought to revive the Republic in the dying days of
the Empire.
d. a scholar who established a monastic library containing Greek and Latin texts
and advocated education for the clergy
Irish and English monasteries
a. played an important role in attracting converts and a critical role in preserving
classical learning.
b. preserved learning, but played no role in converting the population of Europe
to Christianity.
c. were critical to attracting new converts, but neglected scholarship.
d. collapsed for lack of financial support and had to be reestablished by
missionaries from Italy.
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