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Unit 12-Supporting individuals with additional needs. ALL criteria met!
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Abigail AlghaliUnit 12
Miss Blackman
Unit 12: Supporting Individuals with additional needs.
In this assignment, I will be explaining the different diagnostic procedures that determine additional needs for one
child and one adult with different needs.
P1: Explain the diagnostic procedures to determine additional needs for one child and one adult with
different additional needs.
An individual who is diagnosed to have a mild learning disability is known to be able to hold general
conversations and can express most of their needs and desires, however, they may require assistance in
comprehending abstract or difficult concepts. Having a moderate learning disability means for an individual to
have difficulties resulting in things, such as school attainments, below expected levels in many areas of the
curriculum, despite support and differentiation. An individual having severe learning disabilities means that they
can find it difficult to understand, learn and remember new skills and can have trouble adapting their skills to their
daily life. Profound learning disabilities are when an individual has a severe learning disability and other
disabilities that significantly impact their ability to communicate with other individuals and restricts them from
being independent. An individual with profound learning may have severe difficulties seeing, hearing, speaking
and moving.
Rebecca Brown, an 8-year-old child, is a wheelchair user who, following a road traffic incident when she was 5
years old, has sustained a fractured spine, causing her to lose movement below her cervical spine, which is
known as tetraplegia. Rebecca attends a school that is specific for children with additional needs where she has
a designated teaching assistant, she also has a carer who provides her with personal care during the school day,
so things such as going to the toilet. Tetraplegia is a condition in which the arms and legs are paralyzed. The
condition is usually the result of an injury, rather than an illness or a congenital condition, this means as Rebecca
is suffering from tetraplegia, as she ages, she will require a lot more support with things such as bathing, and
eating, dressing or even going out to places. This can strip Rebecca away from her independence when she
ages as she will most likely require a carer to support her with all her needs due to her injury. The diagnostic
procedures for tetraplegia involve medical imaging, things such as an MRI scan, a CT scan or/and an X-ray, this
is to test the nerve functioning within the body. The doctor may also use electromyography, which is a way to test
the muscle reaction or electrical activity in response to nerve stimulation of the muscle. This test detects
abnormalities in the neuromuscular system. One or more tiny needles, also known as electrodes, are introduced
through the skin into the muscle during the test. Tetraplegia is treated by a multidisciplinary team whose
composition varies according to the severity of the injury. The team normally includes a neurologist, an
occupational therapist, and a physiotherapist. The qualifications required for a neurologist is a five-year degree in
medicine that's recognised by the General Medical Council, a two-year Foundation Programme of general
training and two or three years of core training that involves between four and six placements in different medical
areas. The parameters used to assess Rebecca’s condition allowed the service providers to be able to identify
that her condition was severe, this means that her condition is long-term resulting in her being in a wheelchair for
possibly the rest of her life. Rebecca could be proposed to attend physiotherapy which could possibly help her to
regain mobility below her spine.
Ben Grace, a 52-year-old man, is an individual who has Down’s syndrome as well as type 2 diabetes. Down
syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly in which a child is born with an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are the
genetic "packages" that make up the human body. During pregnancy and after delivery, they aid in the shaping
and function of a baby's body. Down syndrome is generated by a random error in cell division and is caused by
the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This type of error is known as nondisjunction. When a single
cell divides into two, chromosomal pairs are normally split in half, with one half going to one cell and the other to
the other. In nondisjunction, something goes wrong, and both chromosomes from one pair end up in one cell
while none of them end up in the other. Individuals like Ben may need assistance with things such as cooking
meals, cleaning, shopping and going appointments as he may not be able to do them alone, he may do them
incorrectly which could possibly result in him injuring himself or other people. In every instance of reproduction,
both parents' genes are passed on to their children. These genes are located on chromosomes. Each cell in the
baby's body is supposed to get 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Half of the chromosomes are
contributed by the mother, while the other half is contributed by the father. The diagnostic procedures to discover
if an individual may have down syndrome are screening tests during pregnancy and diagnostic tests of the baby.
Screening tests can tell if a mother is expecting a child with Down syndrome or not. These tests, however, are
,Abigail Alghali
Unit 12
Miss Blackman
unable to confirm whether or not the baby has Down syndrome. Diagnostic tests can help doctors determine
whether or not a child has Down syndrome. As part of regular prenatal care, Down syndrome testing is
performed. Although screening tests can only predict the chances of having a child with Down syndrome, they
can help the mother to decide whether or not to pursue more specialised diagnostic tests. Ultrasounds are also
taken to inspect the developing baby to spot if there are any chromosomal issues that might lead to the baby
being born with Down syndrome. The parameters used to assess Ben’s condition regarding his Down syndrome
allowed the service users to identify that Ben’s condition is long-term and therefore considered as severe as he
needs assistance with doing things such as going shopping. As Ben is young minded, it can be difficult to focus
and remember information, as stated in the case study, Ben, when going shopping, ends up buying things such
as sweets which are bad for him especially as he has type 2 diabetes, which means that he requires extra
support when doing things such as shopping. Healthcare specialists who assist individuals with Down syndrome
are speech therapists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists, they all require qualifications that allow them
to become specialists. To become a speech therapist, A bachelor's degree with honours or a master's degree in
a relevant discipline (biology, psychology, or linguistics) is necessary. It is preferable to have prior experience
dealing with persons who have speech or communication difficulties, such as through paid or volunteer work or
shadowing a speech and language therapist. To become a physiotherapist, you must be registered with the
Health and Care Professions Council to practise as a physiotherapist (HCPC). To become a member of the
HCPC, you must first finish an accepted degree-level physiotherapy qualification. This could be a full-time or
part-time physiotherapy study or a degree apprenticeship. To become an occupational therapist, to work as an
occupational therapist, you'll need a bachelor's degree in occupational therapy, which can take three years to
complete full-time or up to six years to complete part-time. In postgraduate study, a Master's degree can be
earned in one to two years. The most common reason for amniocentesis is to check for chromosomal
abnormalities like Down syndrome. Amniocentesis is a medical treatment used to diagnose chromosomal
abnormalities, foetal infections, and determine sex during pregnancy. A small amount of amniotic fluid containing
foetal tissues is taken from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing foetus in this operation.
M1: Assess the requirements for one child and one adult with additional needs.
As Rebecca is crippled from the waist down and has difficulties getting around because she is in a wheelchair,
she requires a lot more support to get around. She is currently eight years old and should have passed key
milestones by now. Physically, a child should be growing and gaining weight by the age of eight. Rebecca's
growth is slow due to her having tetraplegia and having to be in a wheelchair, which results in her weight and
height staying the same. At the age of eight, children's arms and legs are usually excessively lengthy for their
bodies. Rebecca's legs may remain the same length but she may gain weight and fat in this situation because
she will not be growing from below the waist. Rebecca, as a wheelchair user, will need assistance on things such
as bathing, getting to places and may need assistance when trying to go to bed. She especially needs assistance
when travelling to places that may not have wheelchair friendly access such as ramps or lifts. Rebecca's
impairment has an impact on her current and future life since it prevents her from receiving enough physical
activity and from performing most ordinary jobs. Rebecca will develop various illnesses if her personal needs are
not met, which might range from reaching objects on shelves to maintaining her personal cleanliness. Rebecca is
being cared after by a team of doctors that includes neurosurgeons. The neurosurgeons help by assessing
Rebecca's central nervous system, which evaluates her spine and allows them to see the extent of her spinal
dysfunction. Neurosurgeons are among the professionals involved in Rebecca's care. The neurosurgeons assist
by assessing the central nervous system, which includes Rebecca's rain and soma cord. This allows them to see
the severity of Rebecca's spinal disability, allowing them to determine whether she requires a wheelchair or not.
For adults who may have tetraplegia, they will go through the same thing regarding transportation when trying to
get to places as they too will be in a wheelchair, they may also need assistance with personal care such as
bathing or going to the toilet. However, adults can have equipment implemented for them to use to become
independent, even with this impairment. Adults can have hoists to help themselves on the toilet whereas children
like Rebecca with tetraplegia may need assistance from their family members or a carer to assist them out of
their wheelchair and onto the toilet seat. As Rebecca's condition was caused by a car accident, she will need a
lot more assistance when it comes to attending places like school. She, as a child, should be dropped off in a
vehicle that is wheelchair friendly, or she can just be assisted into the car, when going to places, just to ensure
her safety. Adults with the same condition may not need this assistance, they may ask for a close friend or
trusted family member to drive them to places, they could also use transport if they feel like it on their own.
Ben, who is an individual with Down syndrome, has the mental capacity of an 8 year old child but is aged 52. As
an individual with down syndrome, Ben has difficulty understanding things in the way individuals without down
, Abigail Alghali
Unit 12
Miss Blackman
syndrome understand things, meaning he requires a lot more assistance with things such as communicating
clearly with other individuals, preparing meals for him, may need assistance with getting things he may need and
more. As Ben enjoys shopping, carers and residents all go to a local shopping mall to allow any of the residents
from the setting to shop for things they may need, however, as Ben has Down syndrome, he struggles to
understand that buying things such as sweets are not good for his health, especially as he has type 2 diabetes,
consuming a lot of sugar can worsen his condition and impact his health severely. As an individual with Down
syndrome, Ben will need assistance with shopping and should have a carer with him at all times when shopping
to help prevent him from buying sweets, as he may not understand that it is bad for his health. Children who may
have Down syndrome like Ben may go through the same difficulties in terms of finding it difficult to understand
things, so children with down syndrome would need a lot more assistance with things such as comprehending
information. Children with down syndrome need a lot more attention and human interaction as they are a lot more
vulnerable and tend to have their emotional side heightened. Children may need a speech therapist to assist
them when requesting things, or may even need one to help them with work they may have gotten from school.
D1: Evaluate the significance to the individuals, their fam of diagnosis of additional needs families and
society of a diagnosis of additional needs.
Rebecca uses a wheelchair to get around in her daily life which is an advantage to her physical development, as
she is disabled from the waist below, she is still mobile, and is able to move around and stay active physically by
pushing herself around in the wheelchair. This will increase her emotional self-esteem since she will be less
distressed and anxious about not being able to go to different places. As a result, Rebecca may still go out with
her friends and live a regular 8-year-old life. Rebecca's wheelchair, on the other hand, has a few disadvantages
that affect her wellbeing. One of the disadvantages is that she is unable to use it in the house she now lives with
her parents, which means her parents may have to move her themselves, which could lower her self-esteem as
she may feel as though her independence is being stripped from her. Rebecca and her parents may suffer as a
result of this, as she may be dropped, resulting in further spinal injury. Her parents may also suffer from back
pain, which may develop over time and prohibit them from assisting Rebecca in moving around their home.
Rebecca’s parents may also begin to feel exhausted having to push Rebecca around whenever she may feel too
exhausted to push herself around which then causes both Rebecca and her parents stress. Rebecca also
requires additional assistance, as a result of her physical limitations, her carer provides her with one-on-one,
individualised care. Rebecca is a student at a special educational needs school for challenged pupils, where she
has a teaching assistant who also helps her with her one-on-one care. Being assisted at school with personal
care such as going to the toilet enhances Rebecca's hygiene and protects her from infections and viruses,
allowing her to focus in school while simultaneously taking care of her personal requirements. Rebecca's
intellectual and social growth both benefit from her ability to concentrate in school, allowing her to be able to
grasp what her classmates and peers are talking about. This allows Rebecca’s parents to feel relief since she
receives additional support at school which allows them to worry less about assisting her with her studies unless
it's really essential. Rebecca, on the other hand, may be fearful and insecure about having one-on-one treatment.
This may be due to feeling afraid to put her trust into another individual or may be too afraid of being judged or
feeling useless, all of which will have a detrimental impact on her emotional well-being.
Ben has type 2 diabetes, which mandates the care professionals devising a nutrition plan for him. Ben will benefit
physically since he will be able to keep a healthy weight and exercise as a result of this. Ben will also gain
emotionally from this, as he will be relieved that his blood glucose level has remained consistent. Ben, on the
other hand, is more likely to be pig-headed and stubborn because he has the mental capacity like an eight-year-
old. As a result, Ben will fail to follow his nutrition plan, worsening his condition. Ben used to live with his mother,
but after she died, he was moved into a care facility that could fulfil his special needs. Ben can then seek
counselling, which is advantageous because it provides him with emotional support. Counselling, however, may
not be as helpful as it should be because Ben has the mentality of an eight-year-old. This is owing to his learning
impairments, which operate as a roadblock because he doesn't comprehend why he's being counselled. Ben
wants to stay in his room after an incident with several neighbourhood youngsters who shouted at him when he
went shopping with the residents and caretakers, which concerns the staff. The managers of a local funfair
recently denied Ben admission, claiming that his appearance would dissuade other people from visiting. Ben
might benefit from counselling to help him deal with these circumstances. However, counselling is not always
successful for everyone, particularly for people who have learning disabilities.
P2: Explain how disability can be viewed as a social construct.
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