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NURS 3366 AO Pathophysiology Q & A Exam #2 Complete Solution Latest
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Patho Exam Two Q & AQuestions For Students
What is the definition of innate resistance?
AKA Natural Resistance
The resistance that we are born with
What is the first line of defense and what parts of the body does it involves?
The physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
o Eyes (tears), nose (mucous/hair), ear (wax/hair), mouth (saliva)
o Can be breached by lacerations, abrasions, punctures, ect.
o Sjogren’s Syndrome- dries up all the lubricating fluids in the body
o Respiratory
Cilia of bronchi sweep away foreign bodies
o Gastrointestinal
Saliva
HCl of stomach
Gag reflex
Good flora of the intestines
Defecation
o Genitourinary
Urine flow
Vaginal secretions are slightly acidic
What is the second line of defense?
Inflammation
o Immediate and non-specific; meaning that it attacks every issue right away, the
same way
o Swelling, heat, redness (erythema), and pain
What is the third line of defense?
Immunocyte Response, AKA Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
o Lymphocytes (T and B- Lymphocytes)
o Delayed and specific; meaning that they only respond fully to microbes that they
recognize and that it also takes time to develop the ability to recognize and
destroy microbes
What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
Antigens
o Proteins that can stimulate an immunocyte reaction against them
Immunocyte response to foreign antigens (microbes) is normal
Immunocyte response to our own antigens is abnormal
Antibodies
o A group of proteins that responds specifically, depending on the type of antigen
that invades the body
What are types of passive acquired immunity? Advantages? Disadvantages?
SOMEONE ELSE’S ANTIBODIES- NOT YOUR OWN
Natural Passive Acquired Immunity
o Mother to Fetus via placenta or breastfeeding
, Patho Exam Two Q & A
Questions For Students
Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity
o Antibodies are injected during treatment, usually in emergencies
o Immunoglobulin Shot
ADVANTAGES
o It works immediately
DISADVANTAGES
o Antibodies only last a few weeks and then are gone; pt. will need vaccination for
further immunity
How are mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes helpful in the Inflammatory
response?
Mast cells
o cells that are found in tissue throughout the body and they degranulate when
stimulated by an injury and it releases inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes,
prostaglandins, and histamine) which causes vasodilation
Macrophages/Neutrophils
o Once vasodilation occurs, neutrophils and macrophages will come to the area
and phagocytize, meaning they will eat and destroy any dirt and debris found in
the tissue
Lymphocytes
o If any viruses or bacteria microbes are found, the third line of defense will be
needed and that is where the lymphocytes come into play to help kill the
microbe and also develop memory of the microbe if the pt. ever becomes
exposed again
What’s the difference between degranulation, granulating tissue and a granuloma?
Degranulation
o Breaking apart of mast cells will spillage of granules of biochemical mediators in
tissue
Granulating Tissue
o Pink, healthy, healing tissue
Granuloma
o Hunk of tissue that has been chronically inflamed and is not essentially just scar
tissue
What are signs and symptoms of a systemic inflammation?
Malaise, aches and pains, fever, swelling, vasodilation of blood vessels
Mix of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins (inflammatory mediators)
Acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating prostaglandins, ect.)
Leukocytosis (increase of WBC), neutrophilia (increase in neutrophils)
What are the signs and symptoms of SIRS?
Change in mental status
Fever
Increased HR
Increased RR
Abnormally high WBC Count
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