What are some specific genitourinary diseases men can get?
o BPH
o Prostate Cancer
o Prostatitis
o Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra
What are some specific genitourinary diseases women can get?
o PID: infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
o UTI
o Amenorrhea: absent menses due to hormonal changes: menopause
o Dysmenorrhea: painful heavy menses
What are the s/sx of a UTI?
o Frequency
o Urinary retention
o Dysuria: pain while urinating
o Pyuria
o Fever
What are the risk factors and s/sx for kidney stones?
o Risk factors
Hypercalcemia
Men
Gout
o S&S
Colicky pain
Hematuria
Obstruction
Flank/groin pain
What are the three types of AKI (and their causes)?
o Prerenal
Causes
Hemolytic anemia
Hypotension
Hemorrhage
Decreased urinary blood perfusion
o Postrenal
Causes
Kidney stones
Uterine prolapse
BPH
o Intrarenal
Causes
Trauma
Strep throat
, Final Exam Q & A – Summer 2019
Hypertension
Failure of post or pre renal
Your patient is hypokalemic. Will they be hyper or hypo polarized?
o Hyperpolarized
Also hyponatremia and hypercalcemia
o What signs and symptoms will they have?
Slow
Lethargic
Dull mentation
Bradycardia
Your patient is hypercalcemic? How are they polarized? What are their s/sx?
o Hyperpolarized
What are the normal values for ABG’s?
o Ph: 7:35-7:45
o HCO3: 22-26
o PCO2: 35-45
o SaO2: 97-100%
o Po2: 80-100
What are the following ABG’s? Compensates? Causes?
o pH: 7.30, HCO3 18, PCO2: 40, PO2 = 90, SaO2 = 99%
Metabolic Acidosis
Causes
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Renal failure
Compensation
Lung blow off more CO2
Deeper and faster breathing
o pH: 7.31, HCO3 23, PCO2: 65, PO2 = 50, SaO2 = 79%
Respiratory Acidosis
Causes
Chronic bronchitis
Pt is unconscious, RR < 12 per min
Compensation
Kidneys hold onto more HCO3 and get rid of acids
o pH: 7.50, HCO3 29, PCO2: 40, PO2 = 95, SaO2 = 100%
Metabolic alkalosis
Causes
Extreme vomiting
Compensation
Lungs hold onto more CO2
o pH: 7.48, HCO3 23, PCO2: 31, PO2 = 98, SaO2 = 100%
Respiratory Alkalosis
Causes
, Final Exam Q & A – Summer 2019
Hyperventilation
o Anxiety/panic attacks
Compensation
Kidneys get rid of more HCO3
Name four disruptions to ATP manufacturing.
o Malnourishment
o Electrolyte imbalances
o Hypoxemia
o Fluid shift changes
When your patient is hypoxic, what metabolic pathway are they using?
o Anerobic glycolysis
What are some sequela of hypoxia for the cell?
o Ischemia
o No ATP manufactured
o Lactic acid
When you don’t eat, what is the body’s first back up plan?
o Glycogenolysis
What does your body do when its glycogen stores are depleted? What is produced as
a result?
o Uses fats and proteins in a process called gluconeogenesis
o Ketones are produced as a result
Name two diseases related to your cellular metabolism back-up plans:
o McArdle’s Disease
o Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
How are tumors staged?
o T
Are cancer cells present?
o N
Are lymph nodes involved
o M
Has it metastasized?
What are some etiologies of cancer?
o Smoking
o Hormones
o Heredity
o Aging
o Environmental
o Free radicals
o Carcinogens
o Invading organisms
What are some characteristics of cancer?
o Pain
o Fatigue
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