NSG 251 Exam 1 Test Plan
15 questions (each worth 2 points) over Module 1 (Chapters 1-8)
Define pharmacology
o Pharmacology is the broadest term for the study or science of drugs
o Pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs including
dosage form design (enteral, parente...
NSG 251 Exam 1 Test Plan
15 questions (each worth 2 points) over Module 1 (Chapters 1-8)
Define pharmacology
o Pharmacology is the broadest term for the study or science of drugs
o Pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs including
dosage form design (enteral, parenteral (IV fastest, IM, subcutaneous ,
IA), or topical (eyes, ears, inhalation through lungs, rectal or vaginal
suppositories)
Differentiate between chemical, generic and trade names of drugs
o Chemical: chemical composition and molecular structure
o Generic: non proprietary name
o Trade: owner of the patent (usually what we call brand name)
o Patten life usually…
Newly discovered drug molecule 17 years
10 for research and development and 7 for sales and profit
then open for generic drugs – lots of issues with generic drugs
some that have come over from India with impurities and skew
data, needs to be more research on where drugs are developed
and oversight.
Describe the four processes involved in pharmacokinetics (absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion)
o Absorption: looking at bioavailability – the extent of the drug that is
absorbed, we look at the first-pass effect.
A large portion is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by
the liver. A much smaller amount is bioavailable. The extent of the
drug absorption.
If the drug has a high first pass effect, when it goes though the liver,
a large portion of it will be changed into inactive metabolites and
only a smaller amount will pass into circulation.
Most absorption of oral drug happens in the small intestine – if
missing part of small intestine, drug absorption decreases because
of reduced surface area and reduced time in small intestine
Drugs absorbed by small intestine are transported to the liver first,
liver may then metabolize much of the drug before it enters
circulation (first-pass effect).
Increased blood flow to absorption site improves drug absorption.
Drugs are typically absorbed through active or passive transport –
oral drugs use passive transport. Active transport is used to absorb
electrolytes like sodium and potassium as well as some drugs such
as levodopa
Factors that affect absorption include
route of administration
amount of blood flow
form of the drug
, Fastest absorption is sublingual, IV, or inhalation
Slower absorption rates or oral, IM or subcutaneous routes
Drug distribution of an absorbed drug depends on, blood flow,
solubility, and protein binding.
o Distribution is the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of
action. The most common blood protein that carries the majority protein
bound drug molecules is albumin. Very important to know patient’s
albumin levels
When drug enters the blood stream it starts being eliminated by the
organs that metabolize and excrete drugs (liver and kidney
primarily)
Drug molecules not attached to plasma are only ones that can
distribute to extravascular tissue
A bound drug is pharmacologically inactive
Albumin – most common blood protein
Carries most of the protein bound drug molecules
If someone has decreased albumin (malnourishment or burns, or
older adult have lower albumin) there may be liver dysfunction. You
may have increased toxicity because you have more free drug in
your system because albumin will bind with drug, making the drug
inactive.
Less albumin more free drug you have – increase level of
drug and will have toxicity occurring.
If you give two drugs together that are both highly protein
bound then you will have a conflict
Medications will complete for binding sites which will
lead to an unpredictable drug response (drug-drug
interaction) one drug may be bound more than the
other then one would increase toxic levels. One may
have increased effect while other has decreased
effect
After a drug as reach the blood stream its distribution in the body
depends on blood flow, the drug is distributed quickly to those
organs with a large supply of blood (heart, liver, and kidneys),
distribution to organs, skin and fat is slower
o Metabolism: is biotransformation. Biochemical transformation of a drug
into an inactive metabolite. A more soluble compound, more potent active
metabolite, as in the ***look in book
Most drugs are metabolized by enzymes in the liver, however it can
also occur in plasma, kidneys, and membranes of the intestines.
Drugs are most commonly metabolized into inactive metabolites
which are then excreted
Some drugs can be converted to active metabolites, meaning
they’re capable of exerting their own pharmacologic action. These
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