PHARM EXAM 1 BLUE PRINT
EXAM 1 NOTES
- Pharmacology: Study / Science of Drugs
- Drugs: any chemical that affects the physiological (function) process of a living organism
- Pharmacokinetics: drug movement “pharma” = drug “kinetic” = movement of in the
body
- Pharmacodynamics “pharma...
EXAM 1 NOTES
- Pharmacology: Study / Science of Drugs
- Drugs: any chemical that affects the physiological (function) process of a living organism
- Pharmacokinetics: drug movement “pharma” = drug “kinetic” = movement of in the
body
- Pharmacodynamics “pharma” = drugs “dynamics” =effects
- Pharmogenetics: study of genetic factors that influence an individual’s response to specific
drugs
- Safety: condition of being safe form undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss (6
Rights )
o Right patient o Right route
o Right drug o Right time
o Right dose o Right documentation
- QSEN= Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (organizations) Standards to follow
- The Joint Commission
o Accrediting body for health care organizations and programs
o Est. National Patient Safety Goals is to improve patient safety and how to solve
- Nurse Responsibility
o “6 Rights” to medication and administration
o Check vitals (BP [ don’t want to high/low], HR, RR, lungs,
o Do focused assessment (episodic, specific)
o Verify orders
o Allergies/ and how they affect them
o Current medication list (prescription, over the counter, herbal CAMS) = drug
reconciliation
o Clarify orders
o Clean/clear environment
o 2 patient identifiers (Name, date of birth)
o Scanning system
o Check Medications at bedside
- Drug Names
o Chemical Name
Describes the chemical structure of the drug
Ex. NoaceTYL-p-aminophenol
o Generic Name (non-business name)
Official, nonproprietary nameEx. Acetaminophen
o Brand *Trade* name (business name)
Proprietary name Ex. Tylenol
- Generic Drugs (non-business)
o Approved by FDA
o Same active ingredients (main medicine component) as Name Brand Drugs
, o Inert or inactive (provide in forming the shape, color) (don’t have to do with the
function of the drug)
o Less expensive
o Products that help in providing the shape of tablets and controls the timing of
release in the body
o Must be stated on the prescription if it is generic or name brand by the health care
provider
- Over- The- Counter (OTC)
o Safe and appropriate for use without the supervision of the health care provider
o Nurse needs to be aware of the OTC drugs
o Can go buy in the store (not necessarily good)
- Drug Labels
o Active and inactive/inert ingredients
o Dosage
o Purpose and use of product
o Specific warnings
o Dosage instructions or directions
Complementary and Alternative Therapies (CAM’s)
- No regulatory agencies
- Includes botanicals, nutritional products, and herbal supplements
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
- Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
o Ensure that products are safe and label information is truthful and not misleading
- Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs)
o Standards require package labels that declare quality and strength of the contents
and that it is without contaminants and impurities
- Herbal Preparations
o Decoction o Poultice
o Infusions o Essential oils
o Tinctures o Herb-infused
o Liniment o Percolations
- Potential Hazards
o Natural substances are not always safe
o Not all compounds are safe in all intake routes
o Collect complete list of herbals use
o Can affect lab results
o Interfere with absorption, breakdowns, and excretion of anesthetics,
anticoagulants and other drugs in surgery (about 2-3 weeks before surgery)
- DO’s and DON’T’s
o Don’t give to the pregnant, nursing mothers
o Don’t give to children
o Don’t take in large sums
o Follow the labels
o Stop if the side effects are disturbing and contact health care provider
,Drug Administration
- Forms and routes
o Sublingual (under tongue), buccal (check)
o Oral (mouth) (by tablets, capsules, liquids, suspensions, elixirs)
PO – per oral (the medial abbreviation)
o Transdermal (on the skin) (cream, ointment), topical
o Instillation (drops, sprays)
o Nasogastric (nose to stomach) and gastrostomy tubes (straight to the stomach)
o Suppositories (rectal) (abbreviation: PR, per rectal)
o Parenteral (injection)
- Tablets and Capsules
o Extended release- never crushed or cut
Want it to take a while and not released at the same period of time
o Administer irritating drugs with food to decrease GI upset
o Administer foods on empty stomach if food interfered with medication absorption
- Tablets
o Sublingual (under tongue)
o Buccal (between Cheek and gum)
o Via sublingual or buccal need to remain in place till fully absorbed
No food/ liquid to be taken while meds are in place
- Liquid
o Elixirs
o Emulations
o Suspensions
- Transdermal
o Patched on the skin and absorbed through the skin
o Little as 12 hours to 7 days
o Preventing of breakdown by moving patch sites
- Topicals
o Applied to skin
- Instillations
o Eye drops
o Eye ointments
o Ear drops
o Nose drops and sprays
- Inhalations
o Meter-dosed inhalers
Handheld device to deliver asthma and bronchitis drugs to lower
respiratory track
o Spacers
Device used to enhance the delivery of medication from the MDI
o Nebulizer
A device that changes liquid medication into a fine mist or aerosol that has
the ability ti reach the lower, smaller airways
, - NG and Gastrostomy tubes
o Soft, flexible tube inserted int the nasopharynx with the tip lying in the stomach
o GI tube- tube surgically placed directly into the patient’s stomach
- Suppositories
o Solid medical preparation that is:
Cone/ spindle shaped – rectum
Globular/ egg shaped – vagina
Pencil shaper- urethra
Useful route in. babies, uncooperative patients, and in cases of vomiting or
digestive system problems
- Parenteral Administrations of medications
o Intradermal (ex. TB skin test)
o Subcutaneous (to the fatty layer)
o Intramuscular (in muscle)
o Intravenous (in blood stream)
o Intraosseous (into the bone) (emergency situation with no iv access and need to
have medication or fluids)
Drug Calculations
- Metric System
o Gram, Liter, Meter
o Household systems:
1 teaspoon= 5ml 3teaspoon = 1 tablespoon 2 tablespoon= 1 oz
- Gtt= drops gtts = drops
- Right of the Decimal place:
o Tenths, hundredths, thousandths
- General rule: rounds to the tenths place:
- Drops rounding round to the nearest whole number
- Tablet rounding: if there is a score it can be rounded to the nearest half
- If it cannot be split, or if it is an extended, controlled release or enteric coated tablet
- Liquids: rounded to the nearest 10ths place
Measuring Body weight
- Convert the pounds to kilograms
- Round the kg to the nearest 10th FIRST before continuing on to the additional calculations
- BODY WEIGHT (kg) * DESIRED * 1 DAY OR DOSE
Drug Phases:
- Pharmacokinetic phases: MOVEMENT OF DRUGS WITHIN THE BODY
o Absorption
o Distribution
o Metabolism
o Excretion
- Pharmacodynamic phases
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