BIOL 235 – Human Physiology Keywords and topics Chapters (1-10)Athabasca
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BIOL 235
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BIOL 235
Athabasca BIOL 235 – Human Physiology (1-10)
Make certain that you can define, and use in content, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.
KEY WORDS AND TOPICS
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
1. Define the following ...
anatomy the science of structures and the relationships among them
dissection the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
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Athabasca BIOL 235 – Human Physiology (1-10)
Make certain that you can define, and use in content, each of the terms listed below, and that
you understand the significance of each of the concepts.
KEY WORDS AND TOPICS
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
1. Define the following terms:
a) Anatomy: the science of structures and the relationships among them
b) Dissection: the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
c) Physiology: the science of body function – how the body parts work
2. Define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular,
tissue, organ, system and organism
a) Chemical level
❖ Atom: smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
❖ Molecule: two or more atoms joined together
b) Cellular level
❖ Cell: the basic structural and functional units of an organism that
are composed on chemicals
c) Tissue level
❖ Tissues: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work
together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put
together to form sentences (e.g. epithelial, muscular, connective,
nervous)
d) Organ level
❖ Organ: structures that are composed of two or more different types of
tissues; they have specific functions and recognizable shapes
e) System level
❖ System: consists related organ with a common function
f) Organism level
❖ Organism: any living individual
3. Identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each
system and describe the major functions of each system
a) Integumentary
▪ Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands
b) Skeletal
▪ Bones, joints, cartilage
c) Muscular
▪ Skeletal muscle
d) Nervous
▪ Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears
e) Endocrine
▪ Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland,
parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes
4. Define the basic life processes of the human body
a) Metabolism: the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
❖ Catabolism: the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components
❖ Anabolism: the building up of complex chemical substances form
smaller, simpler components
b) Responsiveness: the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes (e.g. increase
in body temperature)
c) Movement: includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells,
and even tiny structures inside cells (e.g. coordinated action of leg muscles in
moving your body)
d) Growth: an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of
existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
e) Differentiation: development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
❖ Stem cells: precursor cells that undergo differentiation
f) Reproduction: the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement
or the production of a new individual
g) Autopsy: post-mortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal
organs to confirm or determine cause of death
5. Define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis
a) Homeostasis: the dynamic condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory
processes
b) Body fluids: dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found
inside cells as well as surrounding them.
❖ Intracellular fluid: fluid inside cells
❖ Extracellular fluid: fluid outside body cells
▪ Interstitial fluid: ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
▪ Blood plasma: ECF within blood vessels
▪ Lymph: blood plasma within lymphatic vessels
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▪ Cerebrospinal fluid: ECF in and around the spinal cord
▪ Synovial fluid: cerebrospinal fluid in the joints
▪ Aqueous humor and vitreous body: ECF of the eyes
6. Describe components of a feedback
a) Control of homeostasis; the nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending
electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes
from the balanced states and the endocrine system includes many glands that secrete
messenger molecules called hormones
b) Feedback system (feedback loop): a cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated
c) Receptor: a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and
sends input to a control center – afferent pathway because it is toward – input
d) Control center: sets the range of values within which the controlled condition
should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates
output commands when they are needed – output – efferent pathway because
information flows away
e) Effector: a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled condition
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7. Compare the operation of positive and negative feedback systems
a) Negative feedback systems: reverses a change in a controlled condition (e.g. blood
pressure. Baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of
certain blood vessels, detect blood pressure
b) Positive feedback systems: strengthen/reinforce a change in one of the
body’s controlled conditions (e.g. childbirth, labor contractions push fetus into
cervix)
8. Explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease
a) Disorder: any abnormality of structure or function
b) Disease: a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of
signs and symptoms
c) Signs: Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
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